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Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity of (EA and E) ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of (CM) Callicarpa macrophylla. Methods: The physiochemical parameters were assessed according to guidelines given by the world health organization. The total content of phenols and flavonoids was assessed by Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods. In vitro, antioxidant activity was screened by (DPPH) 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl and(H2O2) hydrogen peroxide scavenging and reducing power assay. Results: The physicochemical parameters fulfilled the standards of WHO guidelines. Total phenol and flavonoid content were more in ethanol extract as compared to ethyl acetate extract of CM. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract was further high as compared to ethyl acetate extract of Callicarpa macrophylla. The IC50 of Callicarpa macrophylla ethanol extract was less than the ethyl acetate extract. So, more antioxidant activity of ethanol extract compared to ethyl acetate extract of CM. Conclusion: Overall, both the extracts showed antioxidant activity and can be used further for diseases that can be managed using antioxidants. Ethanol extract possessed significant antioxidant effects than the ethyl acetate extract.

In the present study, Glipizide-loaded Niosomes were formulated and evaluated for their in vitro characteristics to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug. Formulation of Niosomes was optimized for highest percentage of drug entrapment. Microscopic observation confirmed that all particles werenano sized. The in vitro release studies of drug from Niosomes exhibited a prolonged drug release as observed overa period of 24 h. The negative value of zeta potential indicated that the Glipizide Niosomes were stabilized by electrostatic repulsive forces. Results from stability study have shown that the drug leakage from the vesicleswas least at 4°C followed by room temperature. The Niosomes showing maximum entrapment and suitable release rate were selected for in vitroevaluation. In conclusion, the Niosomal formulation could be a promising delivery system for Glipizide with improved bioavailability and prolonged drug release profile.

Imipramine, a potent antidepressive drug has been shown to antagonize the actions of a number of autopharmacological substances like histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, catecholamines and acetylcholine (1). Sigg and his coworkers (2, 3) observed a dual effect of imipramine on the various manifestations of the autonomic nervous system; a blocking action at higher dosage and a stimulant effect with low concentrations. The purpose of the present study was to investigate in more details the interactions between imipramine and acetylcholine at various sites, where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter. This was done both at the muscarinic and nicotinic site. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies on muscarinic sitesSmooth muscle preparations of several species of laboratory animals were studied. Tissues were mounted in an isolated organ bath in oxygenated Ringer Locke solution at 37± 1'C unless otherwise mentioned. i) Intestinal smooth muscle: Ileum of rabbit and guinea-pig, rat colon and taenia coli of guinea-pig were used. Imipramine was added to the bath in a concentration of 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-5 g/ml.ii) Guinea pig vas deferens and rat uterus : The latter being suspended i n de Jalon solu tion at 22"C. Imipramine was used in the same range as before .iii) Cardiac muscle : Isolated rabbit and frog hearts were employed for this purpose . The rabbit heart was perfused with Ringer Locke solution at 37±0 .5°C, using Langen dorff's preparation. The frog heart was perfused with frog Ringer solution . Imipramine (10-6 g/ml) was added to the perfusing fluid.iv) Blood pressure : Mongrel dogs (6-14 kg), cats (2.5-4 kg) and albino rats (200 275 g) of either sex were employed for this purpose. Animals were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg i.p.). Carotid blood pressure was recorded by a mer cury manometer on a smoked kymograph paper and drugs were injected through the can nulated femoral vein in the case of dogs and cats, and jugular vein in rats. Imipramine was administered in a dose range of 0.5 to 5 mg/kg in all experiments .Studies on nicotinic sites A) Neuro-muscular junction i) Sciatic-gastrocnemius preparation in the cat: Cats (3-4.5 kg) of either sex were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg), and were maintained on positive

Celastrus paniculatus is commonly known as “Malkangani”, widely distributed in the Maldives, Australia, China, Cambodia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Nepal, Thailand as well as in the Pacific Islands and all over India mainly Maharashtra, Orissa and Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands on an altitude of 1800m. It climbs up to over 10m. The leaves are ovate or elliptic in shape with dentate margin. Seeds are ellipsoid or ovoid, yellowish-brown in color and grow inside the capsules. Celastrus paniculatus (Malkangni) is used in Ayurveda as a nervine tonic, tranquilizer and diuretic and in rheumatism, gout, leprosy and asthma. Different Parts of Celastrus paniculatus after extraction and fractionation give different active constituents such as sesquiterpene esters-malkanguinol, malkangunin, sesquiterpene alkaloids-celapanin, celapanigin, alkaloids-celastrine, paniculatine, fatty acids-oleic acid, palmittic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid, crystalline substance tetracasanol and sterol. Different pharmacological activities are anti-rheumatic, anti-fungal, nootropic activity, antimalarial activity, anti spermatogenic effect, anti-anxiety and anti-atherosclerotic effect. In the present review, our target is to search, bring together and compile the data of Celastrus paniculatus, which have less side effects and very valuable for the treatment of rheumatism. Related information is procured from various scientific publications using online, seek out engines such as Google scholar, Pubmed and Science Direct. A total of 200 articles was reviewed out of which 55 articles are selected to review for the description of the plant, parts used, chemical constituents, traditional uses and for reported activities.