Background: Cytological examination of exfoliated cells is very challenging and of paramount importance for diagnosis, staging and prognosis as the finding of cancer cells in such a specimen denotes that the patient has advanced and incurable cancer. Aims & Objective: To study serous effusion for various pathological conditions. Material and Methods: The study was performed on serous effusions. Serous effusions from pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluid were included and all other fluids were excluded. Their clinical history and other relevant parameters were noted. Collection was performed with 18-gauge needle under local anaesthesia and sterile conditions. When delay, samples were stored at 2-6 ͦ C. Conventional smear and or Cytospin method were performed. Ether alcohol (wet fixed) and air dried smears were used. H & E stain, papanicolaou stain and MGG stain were done. Results: Out of total 355 cases, 186 were of pleural fluid, 164 of peritoneal fluid and 5 were of pericardial fluid. 288 cases were benign, 24 cases were malignant effusion, 17 cases were suspicious of malignancy and 26 cases were degenerated. Transudate, haemorrhagic and straw coloured fluid were more common. Conclusion: Benign effusions are common in younger whereas malignant effusions are common in older people. A combined approach to morphology by may-grunwald giemsa, papanicolaou with haematoxylin and eosin stain was better than individual method. Recurrent hemorrhagic effusions are more common in malignant effusions. Conventional smear method can yield good result. Scattered cells are indicative of benign effusions and clusters, 3 D balls, papillary patterns indicate malignant effusions.

Abnormal findings in liver can be congenital malformation, fatty change, hepatitis, cirrhosis, biliary cirrhosis, storage diseases, acute phosphorus poisoning, hemosiderosis, syphilis, actinomycosis, infarcts, cloudy swelling, tuberculosis, acute passive hyperemia, chronic passive hyperemia, amyloidosis, abscesses, hydatid cyst and primary or secondary malignancy. 3 These diseases can be seen as "silent liver disease" in the histological findings during autopsy.

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Background: Bone tumours are comparatively uncommon among wide array of lesions and pose a diagnostic problem as they constitute a small portion of diagnostic experience among pathologist. Aims & Objective: To study the histopathological features of bone lesions and their correlation with age of presentation, site and type of lesion. Material and Methods: The present study was carried out at a tertiary care center from October 2003 to January 2006. A total of 79 bone lesions were analyzed. A detail clinical and radiological history was taken. Bone biopsy was performed by either percutaneous method with needle/drill or Open surgical biopsy. If attached soft tissue was also received, bony tissues were put for decalcification (10% nitric acid) and soft tissue was immediately fixed into 10 % formalin and processed by paraffin embedding. Sections were stained by haematoxylin and eosin stain. Results: Incidence of non-neoplatic and benign neoplastic lesions was 68.40% while that of malignant lesion was only 20.22%.Younger patients (58.24%) and males (59.49%) were more commonly affected. Amongst non-neoplastic lesions, tuberculous lesions (17.72%) were commonest while exostosis (15.19%) and osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma were common benign and malignant neoplastic lesions respectively. Overall most common bone involved was femur. In tuberculous lesions, vertebrae were commonly involved. Osteolytic lesions were more common. Metaphysis was the commonest site. Conclusion: Though bone tumours are less common lesions and pose a diagnostic problem, if viewed in perspective of clinico-radiology and histopathology, a correct diagnosis can be reached.

Background: The gold standard in the detection of thyroid swellings is fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), particularly to eliminate the necessity of surgery. Objective: (1) To introduce FNAC as a routine diagnostic procedure in surgery; (2) to study the correlation between histopathology and cytology findings of thyroid gland lesions; and (3) to assess the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in 485 patients from May 2011 to October 2013, who visited to the Pathology Department of our hospital. Of the total 485 patients who were subjected to FNAC, 60 patients were operated and the samples sent for histopathological examination. Only those cases that underwent FNAC and biopsy were selected for this study. Result: The histopathology findings of thyroid lesions in 60 patients, comprising six male subjects (10%) and 54 female subjects (90%; age range, 6-80 years; median, 43 years), were reviewed. The FNAC showed a sensitivity of 87.5%; specificity, 96.15%; positive predictive value, 77.77%; negative predictive value, 98.03%; and diagnostic accuracy, 95%. The efficacy of FNAC was quite reliable. Conclusion: The results are comparable with the current published data and demonstrate that FNA cytology examination in our hands is an accurate investigation for further management of thyroid lesions.