-In this study the mRNA differential display method was applied to identify mastitisassociated expressed DNA sequences based on different expression patterns in mammary gland samples of non-infected and infected udder quarters of a cow. In total, 704 different cDNA bands were displayed in both udder samples. Five hundred-and-thirty two bands, (75.6%) were differentially displayed. Ninety prominent cDNA bands were isolated, re-amplified, cloned and sequenced resulting in 87 different sequences. Amongst the 19 expressed sequence tags showing a similarity with previously described genes, the majority of these sequences exhibited homology to protein kinase encoding genes (26.3%), to genes involved in the regulation of gene expression (26.3%), to growth and differentiation factor encoding genes (21.0%) and to immune response or inflammation marker encoding genes (21.0%). These sequences were shown to have mastitis-associated expression in the udder samples of animals with and without clinical mastitis by quantitative RT-PCR. They were mapped physically using a bovine-hamster somatic cell hybrid panel and a 5000 rad bovine whole genome radiation hybrid panel. According to their localization in QTL regions based on an established integrated marker/gene-map and their disease-associated expression, four genes (AHCY, PRKDC, HNRPU, OSTF1) were suggested as potentially involved in mastitis defense. mastitis / expressed sequence tag / gene expression / cattle / RH mapping

In this study the mRNA differential display method was applied to identify mastitis-associated expressed DNA sequences based on different expression patterns in mammary gland samples of non-infected and infected udder quarters of a cow. In total, 704 different cDNA bands were displayed in both udder samples. Five hundred-and-thirty two bands, (75.6%) were differentially displayed. Ninety prominent cDNA bands were isolated, re-amplified, cloned and sequenced resulting in 87 different sequences. Amongst the 19 expressed sequence tags showing a similarity with previously described genes, the majority of these sequences exhibited homology to protein kinase encoding genes (26.3%), to genes involved in the regulation of gene expression (26.3%), to growth and differentiation factor encoding genes (21.0%) and to immune response or inflammation marker encoding genes (21.0%). These sequences were shown to have mastitis-associated expression in the udder samples of animals with and without clinical mastitis by quantitative RT-PCR. They were mapped physically using a bovine-hamster somatic cell hybrid panel and a 5000 rad bovine whole genome radiation hybrid panel. According to their localization in QTL regions based on an established integrated marker/gene-map and their disease-associated expression, four genes (AHCY, PRKDC, HNRPU, OSTF1) were suggested as potentially involved in mastitis defense.

Summary In a previous study two bulls were identified in the Polish Black‐and‐White Lowland cattle population that inherited an increased serum lytic activity (LZM+) in a heterozygous fashion. The LZM+ phenotype shows in both half‐sib families a strong co‐segregation with a particular allele of the LysMic microsatellite localized within intron 2 of the immunorelevant macrophage expressed lysozyme encoding‐gene (mLYZ). No trait‐associated mLYZ promoter variant had previously been found. Here, we examine genetic polymorphisms within the entire coding region of this gene by comparative sequence analyses of all four exons in both bulls and two progenies exhibiting low serum lytic activity (LZM0). We found no mutations in the coding sequence of mLYZ gene. However, two single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in introns 2 and 3 of this mLYZ gene at positions 8603 (C/T transition) and 9963 (C/A transversion). A polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was developed to detect the C/T transition in intron 2, creating a polymorphic Sau3A restriction site. The ‘T’‐residue‐harbouring allele segregates with the LZM+ phenotype and is tightly linked to the previously reported diagnostic allele 7 of the LysMic microsatellite. Unaltered DNA sequences in both, promoter and coding region of mLYZ encoding gene in animals with high and low lytic activity indicates that this parameter is influenced by factors other than quantity or quality of the enzyme encoded by this gene.

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Rapid sequence induction (RSI) is a common technique used in clinical anaesthesia to prevent pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Sellick introduced this in 1961. However, scientific validation to show the advantage of this technique in preventing aspiration is limited in literature. Numerous researches have shown that cricoid pressure (CP) application might have no benefit in preventing aspiration. Additionally this could lead to problems in securing the airway. Proper teaching and regular training sessions of this technique are mandatory in routine anaesthesia practice.