ABBREVIATIONS CMVCytomegalovirus SLV Sonographic lenticulostriate vasculopathy AIMS The objective of this study was to describe a cohort of infants with basal ganglia stroke associated with mineralization in the lenticulostriate arteries and their clinical outcomes.METHOD Subcortical strokes occurring in infants during the study period were categorized as arterial ischaemic, venous, or haemorrhagic. A cohort of infants with basal ganglia infarcts and associated mineralization of lenticulostriate arteries were identified. This group was analysed for possible aetiological factors, clinical course, and recurrence rate of the stroke. RESULTSOf 23 infants with basal ganglia arterial ischaemic stroke, 22 (16 males, six females; mean age 11mo [AESD 4.8mo]) were found to have lenticulostriate artery mineralization. Twenty infants presented with hemiparesis and two presented with recurrent episodes of hemidystonia. Eighteen infants had a history of minor trauma before onset of stroke. No other predisposing factors were identified in this cohort. There were no demonstrable causes for vascular and soft tissue calcification. The mean follow-up was 11 months, during which five infants experienced stroke recurrence. Of the 17 infants who did not experience a recurrent stroke, eight exhibited complete neurological recovery, and nine had mild residual hemiparesis.INTERPRETATION Acute basal ganglia stroke after minor trauma associated with mineralization of lenticulostriate arteries in infants is a distinct clinicoradiological entity. Investigations for prothrombotic states and vasculopathies are normal. Although neurological outcomes in most children are good, trauma is a risk factor for recurrence of stroke.Basal ganglia stroke has been reported to occur in infants in association with minor falls. Over the last decade, this association has been described in several case reports and small case series. [1][2][3][4] Affected infants present with facial paresis and hemiparesis soon after the injury and small infarcts in the basal ganglia are visible on neuroimaging. This condition has been reported to have a favourable prognosis. Investigations for the cause of stroke in these patients failed to provide an explanation. Although various aetiological factors have been postulated to explain this characteristic presentation and anatomical distribution of the lesions, there is no definitive evidence to prove any pathogenic mechanism. In a recent study, Yang et al. 5 described a series of 16 infants, less than 18 months of age, who developed cerebral infarction after mild head trauma. The authors reported that basal ganglia calcifications and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were the only potential risk factors in these infants. In 2008, we noticed the presence of mineralization of the lenticulostriate arteries in infants who had suffered basal ganglia strokes, with the onset of stroke occurring, in most cases, after minor trauma. In this paper, we report the demographic profile, clinical characteristics, imaging features, laboratory fin...

ObjectiveAbdominal adiposity is an important risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Indians. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to determine abdominal fat depots, being more accessible and less costly than gold standard measures such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DXA has not been fully validated for use in South Asians. Here, we determined the accuracy of DXA for measurement of abdominal fat in an Indian population by comparison with MRI.Design146 males and females (age range 18–74, BMI range 15–46 kg/m2) from Hyderabad, India underwent whole body DXA scans on a Hologic Discovery A scanner, from which fat mass in two abdominal regions was calculated, from the L1 to L4 vertebrae (L1L4) and from the L2 to L4 vertebrae (L2L4). Abdominal MRI scans (axial T1-weighted spin echo images) were taken, from which adipose tissue volumes were calculated for the same regions.ResultsIntra-class correlation coefficients between DXA and MRI measures of abdominal fat were high (0.98 for both regions). Although at the level of the individual, differences between DXA and MRI could be large (95% of DXA measures were between 0.8 and 1.4 times MRI measures), at the sample level, DXA only slightly overestimated MRI measures of abdominal fat mass (mean difference in L1L4 region: 2% (95% CI:0%, 5%), mean difference in L2L4 region:4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%)). There was evidence of a proportional bias in the association between DXA and MRI (correlation between difference and mean −0.3), with overestimation by DXA greater in individuals with less abdominal fat (mean bias in leaner half of sample was 6% for L1L4 (95%CI: 2, 11%) and 7% for L2L4 (95% CI:3,12%).ConclusionsDXA measures of abdominal fat are suitable for use in Indian populations and provide a good indication of abdominal adiposity at the population level.

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The blood perfusion measurement is done by injecting a bolus of contrast agent in the brain followed by imaging over a period of time (scan). This process can extend into minutes and hence any patient motion mid-scan results in corrupted data. This is often observed in dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for both susceptibility (DSC) and contrast enhanced (DCE) scans. Motion correction done after scanning is typically the most time-intensive step in the entire measurement process since it involves registering each volume in the time-series to a reference volume. We argue that detecting the presence of motion prior to correction can mitigate this problem by reducing the number of volumes to be corrected. The challenge in motion detection is that the injected contrast alters the signal intensity as a function of time leading to false alarms. We present a robust multi-stage method: subdivision of the time series data into bolus and non-bolus phases; clustering-based identification of bolusaffected pixels followed by correction of their intensity using a Gamma variate function fitting-based method and a 2D block-wise phase correlation for detecting motion between adjacent volumes in DSC-MRI data. The proposed method was tested on a DSC MR sequence with simulated motion of varying degrees. The experimental results show that the entropy of the derived motion fields is a good metric for detecting and categorizing the motion. The proposed scheme when applied prior to correction can achieve on average a 37% reduction in the time required for motion correction.

Fig. 1: Coronal CT image showing normal anatomy of oral cavity with puffed cheek: tongue (star), upper and lower gingivobuccal sulci (thin arrows), hard palate (block arrow) and buccal mucosa (curved arrow) ABSTRACT Cross-sectional imaging plays a vital role in the diagnostic evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. This article discusses important technical issues related to CT scan examination, cross-sectional anatomy, patterns of tumor spread and role of imaging in pretreatment staging and post-treatment surveillance.