Foram avaliados os potenciais impactos ambientais associados a diferentes argamassas de terra sem e com estabilizantes químicos (cal hidratada e cimento Portland) e tais impactos foram comparados com aqueles apresentados pelas argamassas convencionais de cimento, cal e areia. Foi utilizada a metodologia de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), com o escopo do berço ao túmulo. Foram avaliadas quatro categorias de dano: Mudanças Climáticas, Saúde Humana, Qualidade dos Ecossistemas e Depleção de Recursos foram avaliadas. Os ligantes químicos constituíram os insumos mais impactantes para a produção de argamassas de terra estabilizada, quando a ênfase foi o desempenho ambiental. A vida útil do revestimento e o transporte da terra influenciaram significativamente as categorias de Saúde Humana e Qualidade do Ecossistema. Os revestimentos de terra, mesmo quando estabilizados, podem ter ganhos ambientais de até 80% para a categoria de Mudanças Climáticas, caso tenham a mesma vida útil que revestimentos convencionais. Portanto, esses revestimentos baseados em terra crua podem constituir uma alternativa com grande potencial ambiental para mitigação dos impactos associados aos revestimentos comumente aplicados nas edificações. Ressalta-se, entretanto, a necessidade de serem adequadamente especificados na etapa de projeto, assim como de utilizarem, sempre que possível, a terra disponível localmente.
In the past decade, there has been an increase in the environmental performance assessment in earth construction through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A Systematic Literature Review verified LCA methodology trends of five earth construction techniques from 2016 to April 2022, resulting in 27 studies. The results have been analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis, considering LCA methodology. Considering embodied carbon (GWP) and embodied energy, transportation and binder content were the main factors that influenced environmental performance. Hence, earth-based constructions exhibit better results in different impact categories than conventional materials. Environmental guidelines and technical features that were presented in the LCA studies are discussed for Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth (RE), Compressed Earth Block (CEB), and Light Straw Clay (LSC). This study presents environmental benchmarks at the unit, wall, and building scales aiming to encourage LCA methodology applied to earth construction techniques and fostering the discussion of earth construction sustainability.
Natural fi bers-reinforced polymer matrixes provide more alternatives in the materials market due to their unique advantages. Poor fi ber-matrix interfacial adhesion may aff ect the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composites due to the surface incompatibility between hydrophilic natural fi bers and non-polar polymers. Th e results presented in this chapter focus on the properties of palm and pineapple fi bers in terms of their physical and chemical structure, mechanical properties and processing behavior. Th e fi nal properties of these fi bers with thermoplastics matrixes are also presented, paying particular attention to the use of physical and chemical treatments for the improvement of fi ber-matrix interaction .
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