During insect outbreaks, the high number of individuals feeding on its host plant causes a depletion of the food source. Reduced availability and decreased quality of nutrients negatively influence life-history traits of insects driving them to develop adaptive strategies to persist in the environment. In a laboratory experiment with three repetitions, we tested the effect of chronic nutritional stress on spruce budworm performance during three generations to determine the adaptive strategies employed by the insect to deal with a selection pressure produced by low-quality diet. Our results show that all tested life-history traits (mortality, developmental time, pupal mass, growth rate and female fecundity) but female fertility were negatively influenced by the low-quality diet simulating food depletion during outbreak conditions. However, especially females in the third generation under chronic nutritional stress show an adaptive response in life-history traits when compared to those reared only one generation on low-quality diet. Larval developmental time significantly decreased and pupal mass, growth rate and fecundity significantly increased. The study demonstrates the capacity of spruce budworm to react to chronic nutritional stress with adaptations that may be caused by epigenetic parental effects. This information can help to understand the course of an outbreak especially at peak densities and during the collapse.
Bethylidae are cosmopolitan wasps, with about 100 valid genera and about 2,600 valid species around the world. This study aimed to determine the genera of Bethylidae occurring in Central African Republic. The specimens were collected at three sites using three collecting methods. A total of 1,924 specimens were obtained and 18 genera recorded: Apenesia, Cephalonomia, Dissomphalus, Epyris, Goniozus, Holepyris, Laelius, Pararhabdepyris, Parascleroderma, Plastanoxus, Pristocera, Protisobrachium, Pseudisobrachium, Sulcomesitius, Trachepyris, Trichiscus, Tuberepyris and Zimankos. All of these genera are recorded for the first time from this country.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo geral apresentar uma sequência didática que apresenta conceitos químicos, biológicos, históricos e sociais no decorrer da sua aplicação. Por meio dela, são descritos o processo de produção de álcool a partir da fermentação e a destilação do mosto de caldo de cana de açúcar. A metodologia em questão explora dados qualitativos, explicativos e o método descritivo. A sequência didática expõe variadas formas de poluição geradas no processo e os meios para evitar a degradação ambiental. A sequência didática e o exemplo prático da fermentação, bem como do mosto e produção de álcool por destilação simples se apresentam como ferramentas didáticas relevantes para exposição dos processos físico-químicos, biológicos e sociais. Assim como permitem abordar a possibilidade de dano ao meio ambiente, mas também apontam no sentido da promoção de uma consciência ambiental em alunos do segundo ano do ensino médio ao tentar propor um debate voltado para a formação de uma consciência ecológica, bem como busca como alternativas sustentáveis e ações que mitiguem os efeitos dos danos ambientais causados pelo processo de produção industrial de álcool. Desse modo, o trabalho pretende contribuir com a formação de sujeitos conscientes a fim de reduzir os impactos ambientais e a interferência agressiva do homem. A contribuição (diferencial e importância) do estudo para a educação ambiental.
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