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This discussion is concerned with identifying and briefly describing seven major modalities of behavior modification. These can best be categorized into two systems; one system based on identification, reward and punishment, internalization of behavior controls and acceptance of responsibility for choices made. The other general system is based on activity or knowing-by-experiencing.The assumptions underlying each approach differ as well as the fact that each general approach leads to different intermediate vocational results, but probable similar ultimate psychological results in terms of personality integration.The role of the family in modifying the behavior of the middle class child in teaching him how to effectively use a primarily verbal system of learning will be briefly discussed. Selected characteristics of psychologically disadvantaged and deprived youth will be described in an effort to show that

Traditional counseling approaches to providing human services either are inapplicable, were never given the chance to work, or did not work for large numbers of persons. This article suggests that performance contracting may be one answer to pressing domestic problems. In this approach, emphasis is placed on client, student, or applicant performance in terms of predetermined, commonly agreed‐upon goals. It places little emphasis on agency structure or professional discipline or on special applicant or client groups. Important by‐products include the promotion of experimentation and demonstration, the establishment of administrative and professional accountability, and the protection of the service consumer.

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