This paper deals with the intermediate position of non-human animates on semantic prominence scales and illustrates the complexity and the context-driven aspect of linguistic animacy. The focus is on deontic and dynamic modals, as well as the zero person and passive constructions, in Finnish. These types of structures have been described as reserved for human reference. The corpus of this study is collected from a radio program where listeners call in to present questions arising from their nature observations. It consists of 263 occurrences of modal and open reference constructions with non-human animate reference. The paper aims to determine the properties that make non-human animates acceptable referents in the constructions under study and shows that prioritizing human reference is not a grammatical property of these constructions. Rather, they encode shared intersubjective, interspecies experience. Seeking to understand the behavior of the other animate being, speakers display recognition of non-human beings’ concerns and interests: they use linguistic constructions that engage them and all other interlocutors as potential participants of the situation, even when the situation described is not typical of humans. The nonhuman animates’ capacities, environment and life span are unfamiliar to the interlocutors and motivate their questions and explanations, but there are physical states and processes as well as mental experiences common to all animates that allow for the interlocutors to adopt the non-human viewpoint.
L'étude porte sur les verbes höras, en suédois, et kuulua, en finnois, exprimant l'audible. L'objectif est de rendre compte de la structure sémantique de l'audibilité et de la conceptualisation dynamique de l'événement auditif, en s'appuyant sur le concept de profilage et sur le schéma du chemin issus de la linguistique cognitive. Les deux verbes se construisent avec un sujet référant au stimulus, alors que l'expérient est implicite. Höras s'associe le plus souvent avec l'expression de la localisation du stimulus, tandis que les constructions en kuulua présentent une forte tendance à profiler le point de départ du son. Nous analysons cette différence en termes d'actualisation linguistique. Portant une trace de repérage personnel, höras présente l'événement à un stade d'actualisation qui va au-delà du potentiel et permet de mettre en relief sa localisation. Kuulua conceptualise l'événement à son stade initial en tant que capacité d'être perçu par un expérient non spécifié. Abstract:The paper investigates constructions with the verbs höras, in Swedish, and kuulua, in Finnish, both meaning 'to be audible'. The aim is to shed light on the semantic structure of 'audibility' and the dynamic conceptualization of the audible event. The paper draws on conceptual tools provided by cognitive linguistics, namely the notions of profiling and path schema. Both verbs are used with a subject referring to the stimulus, while the experiencer remains implicit. Höras co-occurs most often with items denoting the static location of the stimulus, whereas constructions with kuulua display a strong tendency to profile the point of departure of the sound. This difference is accounted for in terms of linguistic actualization. Höras carries a morphological trace of person marking, i.e. of a link between the event and a specific
Voimadynaaminen ᴠᴀᴀN. Odotusten, intentioiden ja kerrottavuuden partikkeli Artikkelissa tutkitaan suomen VAAN-sanaa, joka voi toimia normitetun yleiskielen ulkopuolella niin konjunktiona, fokuspartikkelina kuin diskurssinmerkitsimenä. Tarkastelu keskittyy diskurssinmerkitsinkäyttöön, jota lähestytään semanttis-diskursiivisen analyysin avulla. Oletuksena on, että VAAN-sanalla on abstrakti, eri käytöissä tunnistettava semanttinen identiteetti, josta sen merkityspotentiaali juontuu. Semanttisen identiteetin määrittely perustuu hypoteesiin, että VAAN on alkuaan yksikön instruktiivimuoto sanasta vaka, joka implikoi kahden vastakkaisen voiman, agonistisen ja antagonistisen, välistä vuorovaikutusta. Artikkelissa esitetään, että diskurssinmerkitsimenä käytetyn VAAN-partikkelin tehtävänä on saattaa ilmi puheena olevassa tilanteessa tai vuorovaikutuksessa vaikuttava voimadynamiikka. Ensinnäkin VAAN merkitsee, että lausuman sisältö poikkeaa odotuksista. Toiseksi se voi tehdä ilmeiseksi agentin intention ja sen vaikutuksen asiaintilan toteutumiseen. Kolmanneksi VAAN on merkki lausuman sisällön diskursiivisesta relevanssista: se nostaa lähikuvaan eli zoomauksen kohteeksi sen, mikä on asioiden välisissä suhteissa, tapahtumainkulussa tai meneillään olevassa puhetoiminnossa olennaista. Aineistoanalyysissä tutkitaan ensin muun muassa permissiivistä imperatiivilausumaa ja vapaan valinnan MIKÄ VAAN -rakennetta, joiden yhteydessä vaan on merkkinä agentin intention ja toisen, lähtökohtaisesti vastakkaisen voiman vuorovaikutuksesta. Sen jälkeen tarkastellaan VAAN-lausumien käyttöä diskurssin ohjailussa niiden reaktiivisuuden valossa. Tällöin VAAN suhteuttaa lausuman sisällön edellä ilmenneeseen diskurssin tai vuorovaikutuksen etenemistä koskevaan suuntaukseen. VAAN-lausuma pyrkii estämään tai pysäyttämään tämän diskursiivisen voiman vaikutuksen. Viimeisenä käsitellään VAAN-partikkelia yhtenä niistä suullisen kerronnan keinoista, joiden ansiosta tarinamaailma on puhehetkessä vahvasti läsnä ja joilla perustellaan kerrotun merkityksellisyyttä. Pääasiallisina aineistolähteinä on käytetty 1900-luvun lopun puhuttua suomen kieltä sisältäviä keskustelutallenteita sekä 1800-luvun loppupuolen ja 1900-luvun alun kaunokirjallisia teoksia. Finnish VAAN – the force dynamic particle of expectations, intentions and tellability This paper investigates the polyfunctional Finnish lexeme VAAN, which is used in variants other than the standard language as a conjunction ('but'), a focus particle ('only') and a discourse marker. The study concentrates on the particularities of this latter function, approaching it from a discourse-semantic perspective. The starting assumption is that an abstract semantic content can be discerned in the different uses of VAAN. The definition of its semantics is based on the hypothesis that it originates from the singular instructive form of the base vaka 'firm', which implies an interaction between two forces, agonist and antagonist. The analysis of the data (collected from a corpus of conversational Finnish and literary texts) concerns the uses of VAAN in grammatical constructions (permissive imperatives, free-choice items), as an interactional device and as a means for organising narratives. The article argues that the function of VAAN is to manifest an underlying tension involving intentional or discursive forces. This has a three-fold effect at the discursive level. First, VAAN implies that the content of the utterance is unexpected. Second, the modal meaning structure of the utterance foregrounds the intention of the agent. Third, VAAN marks discursive relevance, as it zooms in on what is of primary importance in the relationship between entities, the course of events or the ongoing speech activity.
This paper deals with the grammatical differences and overlaps between the uses of the Finnishkuuluaas a verb of auditory perceptibility (‘to be audible’) and as a verb of appearance, when employed in negative clauses (‘to be imperceptible (through unspecified sensory input)’). Both meanings entail perceptibility, existentiality and motion from the experienced towards the experiencer. However, they differ significantly in regard to the nature of the motion as well as the degree of animacy of the subject referent. As a verb of auditory perceptibility,kuuluaaccepts mainly inanimate subjects referring to a perceivable sound. As a verb of appearance,kuuluais mostly used with animate subjects. The semantic difference between the two constructions is accounted for in terms of objective and intersubjective meaning construal. The potential movement of a sound towards the experiencer concerns the relationship between the world and the subject of conceptualization, whereas the non-appearance of an animate being is viewed on the level of intersubjective cognitive coordination, with regard to interactional expectations. The results of this study shed light on the complex semantics of perceptibility. The analysis is based on 1,528 occurrences ofkuuluain dialectal and literary data.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.