[1] We describe and present a new model of global subduction zone geometries, called Slab1.0. An extension of previous efforts to constrain the two-dimensional non-planar geometry of subduction zones around the focus of large earthquakes, Slab1.0 describes the detailed, non-planar, three-dimensional geometry of approximately 85% of subduction zones worldwide. While the model focuses on the detailed form of each slab from their trenches through the seismogenic zone, where it combines data sets from active source and passive seismology, it also continues to the limits of their seismic extent in the upper-mid mantle, providing a uniform approach to the definition of the entire seismically active slab geometry. Examples are shown for two well-constrained global locations; models for many other regions are available and can be freely downloaded in several formats from our new Slab1.0 website, http://on.doi.gov/d9ARbS. We describe improvements in our twodimensional geometry constraint inversion, including the use of 'average' active source seismic data profiles in the shallow trench regions where data are otherwise lacking, derived from the interpolation between other active source seismic data along-strike in the same subduction zone. We include several analyses of the uncertainty and robustness of our threedimensional interpolation methods. In addition, we use the filtered, subduction-related earthquake data sets compiled to build Slab1.0 in a reassessment of previous analyses of the deep limit of the thrust interface seismogenic zone for all subduction zones included in our global model thus far, concluding that the width of these seismogenic zones is on average 30% larger than previous studies have suggested.

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Three eye movement experiments were conducted to examine the role of letter identity and letter position during reading. Before fixating on a target word within each sentence, readers were provided with a parafoveal preview that differed in the amount of useful letter identity and letter position information it provided. In Experiments 1 and 2, previews fell into 1 of 5 conditions: (a) identical to the target word, (b) a transposition of 2 internal letters, (c) a substitution of 2 internal letters, (d) a transposition of the 2 final letters, or (e) a substitution of the 2 final letters. In Experiment 3, the authors used a further set of conditions to explore the importance of external letter positions. The findings extend previous work and demonstrate that transposed-letter effects exist in silent reading. These experiments also indicate that letter identity information can be extracted from the parafovea outside of absolute letter position from the first 5 letters of the word to the right of fixation. Finally, the results support the notion that exterior letters play important roles in visual word recognition.Keywords: eye tracking, reading, transposed letters, parafoveal processing How are the letter identities and letter positions within a written word encoded? Letter identity and position must both play a role or people would be unable to distinguish between anagrams such as stop, pots, tops, opts, post, and spot. Although there is general agreement that a given letter string will activate not only the appropriate word from the lexicon but also a number of perceptually similar words, the specific way in which a model specifies the coding of letter position affects which words are considered similar.Many models, for example, assume a channel-specific (or position-specific) coding scheme. In such models, letter position is coded early in lexical processing and letters are immediately tagged to their position within the string of letters. Each letter is then processed within its specific channel independent of the other letters in the letter string. Examples of such models include the multiple read-out model (Grainger & Jacobs, 1996), the dual-route cascaded model (Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Ziegler, & Langdon, 2001), the interactive activation model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981), and the activation-verification model (Paap, Newsome, McDonald, & Schvaneveldt, 1982). These models predict that the nonwords jugde, junpe, and juxxe are all equally similar to the word judge, because in each case, the nonword contains three letters in their correct letter positions. However, the nonword jugde shares all of the same letters as the word judge and differs only in a transposition of two internal, adjacent letters. So intuitively it seems that this transposed letter (TL) nonword jugde is much more similar to the base word judge than is the substituted letter (SL) nonword junpe. Indeed, research supports these intuitions; a number of experiments using a variety of tasks have found that TL nonwords are more similar to their...

Participants' eye movements were recorded as they read sentences with words containing transposed adjacent letters. Transpositions were either external (e.g., problme, rpoblem) or internal (e.g., porblem, probelm) and at either the beginning (e.g., rpoblem, porblem) or end (e.g., problme, probelm) of words. The results showed disruption for words with transposed letters compared to the normal baseline condition, and the greatest disruption was observed for word-initial transpositions. In Experiment 1, transpositions within low frequency words led to longer reading times than when letters were transposed within high frequency words. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the position of word-initial letters is most critical even when parafoveal preview of words to the right of fixation is unavailable. The findings have important implications for the roles of different letter positions in word recognition and the effects of parafoveal preview on word recognition processes. Keywordsreading; eye movements; word recognition; transposed letters; parafoveal processing To establish a comprehensive account of word recognition, it is necessary to investigate the flexibility of letter encoding and in particular whether letters at certain positions within words are more easily encoded relative to letters at other positions. Much recent research has investigated these issues by employing experimental manipulations involving the systematic transposition of letters (TL) at different positions within words. In particular, there has been considerable interest in how text with TL nonwords is read (e.g., see Grainger & Whitney, 2004; Rayner, White, Johnson, & Liversedge, 2006 1 ). In the present experiments, we recorded eye movements to precisely determine how disruptive TL nonwords are during reading. Specifically, we examined whether the position of transposed letters within a word influences how easily those words are processed. This was achieved by comparing the relative disruption Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sarah J. White, School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom. E-mail: s.j.white@le.ac.uk or s.j.white@dunelm.org.uk. 1 The short report by includes some preliminary analyses of the global data presented in much more detail in Experiment 1. A number of studies using standard isolated word recognition tasks have shown that the coding of letter position is, in fact, quite flexible. For example, it has been clearly shown that nonwords involving a transposition of two letters (e.g., jugde for the base word judge) are more similar to their base words than substituted-letter nonwords in which two letters are replaced (e.g., jupte). This result has been found in a number of tasks including naming (Christianson, Johnson, & Rayner, 2005) and lexical decision (Chambers, 1979;Forster, Davis, Schoknecht, & Carter, 1987;O'Connor & Forster, 1981;Perea & Lupker, 2003a, 2003b. Thus, on the basis of these studies, it appears that TL nonwords can activat...

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