Productivity of ruminant livestock depends on the rumen microbiota, which ferment indigestible plant polysaccharides into nutrients used for growth. Understanding functions carried out by the rumen microbiota is important for reducing greenhouse gas production by ruminants and for developing biofuels from lignocellulose. We present 410 cultured bacteria and archaea, together with their reference genomes, representing every cultivated rumen-associated archaeal and bacterial family. We evaluate polysaccharide degradation, short-chain fatty acid production and methanogenesis pathways, and assign specific taxa to functions. A total of 336 organisms were present in available rumen metagenomic datasets, and 134 were present in human gut microbiome datasets. Comparison with the human microbiome revealed rumen-specific enrichment for genes encoding de novo synthesis of vitamin B12, ongoing evolution by gene loss and potential vertical inheritance of the rumen microbiome based on underrepresentation of markers of environmental stress. We estimate that our Hungate genome resource represents ~75% of the genus-level prokaryal taxa present in the rumen.

Methanobacterium formicicum BRM9 was isolated from the rumen of a New Zealand Friesan cow grazing a ryegrass/clover pasture, and its genome has been sequenced to provide information on the phylogenetic diversity of rumen methanogens with a view to developing technologies for methane mitigation. The 2.45 Mb BRM9 chromosome has an average G + C content of 41%, and encodes 2,352 protein-coding genes. The genes involved in methanogenesis are comparable to those found in other members of the Methanobacteriaceae with the exception that there is no [Fe]-hydrogenase dehydrogenase (Hmd) which links the methenyl-H4MPT reduction directly with the oxidation of H2. Compared to the rumen Methanobrevibacter strains, BRM9 has a much larger complement of genes involved in determining oxidative stress response, signal transduction and nitrogen fixation. BRM9 also has genes for the biosynthesis of the compatible solute ectoine that has not been reported to be produced by methanogens. The BRM9 genome has a prophage and two CRISPR repeat regions. Comparison to the genomes of other Methanobacterium strains shows a core genome of ~1,350 coding sequences and 190 strain-specific genes in BRM9, most of which are hypothetical proteins or prophage related.

Ruminant animals contribute significantly to the global value of agriculture and rely on a complex microbial community for efficient digestion. However, little is known of how this microbial-host relationship develops and is maintained. To begin to address this, we have determined the ability of three Bifidobacterium species isolated from the faeces of newborn calves to grow on carbohydrates typical of a newborn ruminant diet. Genome sequences have been determined for these bacteria with analysis of the genomes providing insights into the host association and identification of several genes that may mediate interactions with the ruminant gastrointestinal tract. The present study provides a starting point from which we can define the role of potential beneficial microbes in the nutrition of young ruminants and begin to influence the interactions between the microbiota and the host. The differences observed in genomic content hint at niche partitioning among the bifidobacterial species analysed and the different strategies they employ to successfully adapt to this habitat.

The rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316(T) has a 4.4-Mb genome composed of four replicons (approximately 3.55 Mb, 361, 302 and 186 kb). Mutagenesis of B316(T) was performed with the broad host-range conjugative transposon Tn916 to screen for functionally important characteristics. The insertion sites of 123 mutants containing a single copy of Tn916 were identified and corresponded to 53 different insertion points, of which 18 (34.0%), representing 39 mutants (31.7%), were in ORFs and 12 were where transposition occurred in both directions (top and bottom DNA strand). Up to eight mutants from several independent conjugation experiments were found to have the same integration site. Although transposition occurred in all four replicons, the number of specific insertion sites, transposition frequency and the average intertransposon distance between insertions varied between the four replicons. In silico analysis of the 53 insertion sites was used to model a target consensus sequence for Tn916 integration into B316(T) . A search of the B316(T) genome using the modelled target consensus sequence (up to two mismatches) identified 39 theoretical Tn916 insertion sites (19 coding, 20 noncoding), of which nine corresponded to Tn916 insertions identified in B316(T) mutants during our conjugation experiments.