Pet owners often don’t acknowledge the need for home-prepared diet formulation by a trained professional and may use recipes from sources such as the internet. Macronutrient and mineral composition of home-prepared diets were analyzed and compared to NRC and FEDIAF recommendations, and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed and compared to FDA maximum tolerable levels (MTL) for dogs and cats. Recipes of home-prepared diets for adult dogs (n = 75) and cats (n = 25) were evaluated. Analyses of protein, fat, and fiber were performed according to AOAC, and mineral and heavy metal analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). None of the diets supplied recommended levels of all nutrients evaluated, and more than 84.0% of diets presented three or more nutrients below recommendations. Nutrients with most levels below recommendations were calcium and potassium in recipes for dogs and iron and zinc in recipes for cats. As for heavy metals, levels of lead, cobalt, mercury, uranium, and vanadium were above MTLs. Results suggest that home-prepared diets may be a health risk to dogs and cats if not properly formulated. Furthermore, the chronic heavy metal intake must be better elucidated in order to understand the full impact of results.
-In order to evaluate the effect of environmental temperature on ruminal fermentation and on mineral levels of growing ruminants, it was used 12 male calves (initial average weight 82.9 ± 7.7 kg, 100 days of age), were employed in a randomized block design (by weight) experiment, with repeated weight measurement and two environmental temperatures: thermoneutral (24°C) and heat-stressed (33°C), during 38 days. The animals exposed to 33°C presented lower dry matter ingestion, lower T 3 (triiodothyronine) serum level, higher ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3 -N) level in the rumen liquid, and higher rectal and body temperatures during all the experimental period when compared to the animals kept in thermoneutral environment (24°C). The animals kept under heat stress environment (33°C) presented higher calcium serum level, which was the highest on 31st day and the lowest on the 38th day of the experiment; phosphorus level was the lowest during all the experimental period; sodium level was lower on the 17th, 31st and 38th experimental days. Potassium and zinc levels were lower after 24 days; copper level was lower until the 24th day; magnesium level was higher until the 17th day, if compared to the ones from the animals kept in thermoneutral environment (24°C). The heat-stressed animals presented higher levels of ammoniacal nitrogen in the ruminal liquid and a decrease in the phosphorus, sodium, potassium and zinc serum levels. These results show the necessity of changes on feed management to ruminants in temperatures over the thermal comfort limits so that performance loss is decreased.Key Words: ammoniacal nitrogen, dry matter ingestion, heat stress, macromineral, micromineral, volatile fatty acids Mudança na fermentação ruminal do alimento e na concentração sérica de minerais em animais mantidos em ambientes de alta temperatura RESUMO -Para verificar o efeito da temperatura ambiente na fermentação ruminal do alimento e nas concentrações de minerais em bovinos em crescimento, foram utilizados 12 bezerros machos (peso médio inicial de 82,9 ± 7,7 kg com 100 dias de idade), durante 38 dias, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo e duas temperaturas ambiente: ambiente termoneutro (24°C) e ambiente de estresse por calor (33°C). Os animais expostos à temperatura de 33°C tiveram ingestão menor de matéria seca, menor nível sérico de T 3 (triiodotironina), maior concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (NH 3 -N) no líquido ruminal e maior temperatura retal e corporal em todo o período experimental em comparação àqueles animais mantidos no ambiente termoneutro (24°C). Os animais em ambiente de estresse por calor (33°C) apresentaram maior concentração de cálcio no soro, que foi maior aos 31 dias de experimentação e menor aos 38 dias. A concentração de fósforo nesses animais foi menor durante todo o período experimental e a de sódio, menor aos 17, 31 e 38 dias de experimentação. As concentrações de potássio e zinco foram menores depois de 24 dias; a de cobre menor até 24 dias; e a de magné...
RESUMO -Foi estudado o efeito da suplementação de monensina sobre o desempenho de 32 novilhas Holandesas em crescimento, com peso médio de 84 kg, durante quatro meses . Os animais suplementados com monensina apresentaram maior peso e perímetro torácico aos 90 e 120 dias de experimentação, maior ganho de peso, mostrando um valor de 26,56% maior do que os animais controle. Não foi observada diferença no comprimento corporal e glicose sangüínea, enquanto a altura na cernelha apresentou tendência a valores mais altos nos animais suplementados. Concluiu-se que a suplementação de monensina resultou em maior desenvolvimento dos animais, podendo proporcionar precocidade reprodutiva e produtiva de novilhas leiteiras de reposição.Palavras-chave: desempenho, monensina, novilhas Effects of Monensin on Growing Dairy Heifers PerformanceABSTRAT -The performance of 32 growing Holstein heifers, with average weight of 84 kg and supplemented with monensin, during four months, was studied. The animals supplemented with monensin presented higher weight and hearth girth at 90 and 120 days of experiment, higher weight gain, with value of 26.56% superior than the control animals. No difference was observed for the corporal length, plasma glucose and the height values. The animals fed monensin presented higher height values. The animals supplemented with monensin showed better development. The use of monensin provided reproductive and productive precocity for the replacement dairy heifers. . zootec., 30(4):1293-1298, 2001 Introdução Atualmente, em sistemas de criação de rebanhos leiteiros, busca-se melhor eficiência de produção, levando em conta os custos de produção e otimização de todos os fatores que os envolvem. Um deles é a criação de novilhas, fase em que os animais não possuem uma produção direta e retorno de capital rápido, sendo de grande importância se estudar formas de diminuir seus custos de produção com produtos que melhorem sua eficiência viabilizando a criação e diluindo os custos fixos da propriedade.A eficiência de conversão alimentar e fatores que a envolvem têm grande importância nos sistemas atuais de produção animal. Os ionóforos têm melhorado esta eficiência, caracterizados por produzir aumento de propionato, diminuição de metano, de deaminação e de níveis de ácido lático. Entre eles a monensina vem sendo pesquisada intensamente como um meio de melhorar quimicamente a eficiência alimentar, por meio da regulação da fermentação ruminal e seus produtos (RUMSEY, 1984). De maneira geral, os ionóforos estão sendo usados como aditivos em rações para ruminantes, melhorando os ganhos de peso na ordem de 5 a 15% em animais submetidos a dietas com baixo valor nutritivo e melhorando também a conversão alimentar (LUCHIARI FILHO et al., 1990).A monensina é constituída por moléculas de baixo peso, que ligam ions de minerais e direcionam seus movimentos através das membranas celulares, deprime o crescimento de bactérias gram-positivas, afetando a passagem de nutrientes através da membrana dos microrganismos ruminais e modifica a ...
Given the importance of using the vitamin-mineral supplements to guarantee the minimum nutritional recommendations for pets in homemade foods, and hypothesizing that these products may contribute to toxic metals contamination, the present study aimed to determine the concentrations of essential minerals and toxic metals in vitamin-mineral supplements available in the Brazilian market and calculate if the amount recommended by the manufacturer guarantees the minimum recommendations of NRC (2006) and FEDIAF (2020), as well as calculating the amount of toxic metals that animals would consume, according to the amounts recommended by the manufacturer. Seven vitamin-mineral supplements were analyzed. The determination of essential minerals and toxic metals was performed using ICP-OES. Comparisons were made with the minimum recommendations for essential minerals, and with the maximum tolerated levels of toxic metals established by the FDA (2011), descriptively. Most of the vitamin-mineral supplements, in the quantities recommended by the manufacturers, do not guarantee the minimum recommendations of NCR (2006) and FEDIAF (2020) for the following elements: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc. Only one supplement had detectable selenium concentrations. Three supplements provided more than 0.02mg of mercury/kg of body weight, the safe upper limit used to establish the maximum tolerated level of this element. It is concluded that most vitamin-mineral supplements do not meet the minimum recommendations for most essential minerals and, if formulated by untrained professionals, even with supplementation, homemade foods may still be nutritionally deficient. Furthermore, some vitamin-mineral supplements analyzed may imply risks of mercury poisoning in pets.
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