The subject's adaptation to increased v was different from able-bodied swimmers, mainly on interarm coordination, maintaining the lag time between propulsive phases, which influence the magnitude of the other parameters. These results might be useful to develop specific training and enhance swimming performance in swimmers with amputations.

Background: This study aimed to examine the association between frailty and depressive symptoms. Methods: Cross-sectional and five-year longitudinal study. Data were from the population-based Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) waves six (2015) and eight (2020). Frailty was assessed using the SHARE-Frailty Instrument. Fatigue, appetite, walking difficulties, and physical activity were self-reported, and grip strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. The EURO-D 12-item scale was used to measure depressive symptoms. Results: The sample comprised 25,771 older adults (56.2% female) with a mean age of 66.5 (95% CI 66.4, 66.6) years. The prevalence of frailty was 4.2% (95% CI 3.9, 4.4) in 2015 and 6.7% (95% CI 13.5, 14.3) in 2020. Among frail participants, 72.5% and 69.6% had depression in 2015 and 2020, respectively. Frailty was associated with depression over the 5 years. Those with pre-frailty and those with frailty in 2015 had 1.86 (95% CI 1.71, 2.01) and 2.46 (95% CI 2.14, 2.83) greater odds of having depressive symptoms in 2020. Conclusions: Frailty is a predictor of depression in older adults, and frail participants had greater odds of presenting depressive symptoms.

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Literature presents promising results regarding exercise programs to reduce shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users. However, there is a lack of systematization and specific usefulness of resistance training programs. Thus, the study objective was to analyze the effectiveness of resistance training programs in reducing shoulder pain, and to increase shoulder strength and function in manual wheelchair users (MWUs). A Boolean search strategy adapted for Pubmed, Ebsco, Scopus, Web of Science and Scielo Science databases was undertaken (up to February 2021) to identify all studies measuring changes in shoulder strength, pain, and/or function after implementing a resistance training program in MWUs. Two independent reviewers selected articles based on following criteria: MWUs, participants' age, study design and intervention types. Also, reviewers performed the study quality assessment, risk-of-bias analysis and data extraction. Of the 124 obtained publications, a total of 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, being evaluated through PEDro Scale (mean quality score in four or below) and uncertain risk of bias according to Cochrane Scale assessment. The studies shows that: one-repetition maximum (12-60%), isometric peak force (25-36%) and isokinetic muscle strength (10-30%) increased following resistance training interventions. Significant reductions (22-85%) in shoulder pain (WUSPI score) were found after resistance training interventions. In addition, shoulder function (evaluated by DASH questionnaire) improved (12-60%) following resistance training. The present review highlights the usefulness of resistance training programs to improve muscular strength and shoulder function and to reduce shoulder pain in MWUs. These results have significant practical applications to improve the quality of life of MWUs.

This study’s aim was two-fold: (i) to test the intra-session reliability of the one-leg balance activity test; and (ii) to assess the influence of age on reaction time (RT) and the differences between dominant and non-dominant feet. Fifty young soccer players with an average age of 12.4 ± 1.8 years were divided into two groups: younger soccer players (n = 26; 11.6 ± 0.9 years) and older soccer players (n = 24; 14.2 ± 0.8 years). Each group then completed four trials (two with each leg) of the one-leg balance activity (OLBA) to evaluate RT under a single-leg stance. Mean RT and the number of hits were calculated, and the best trial was also selected. T-tests and Pearson correlations were performed for statistical analysis. Values for RT were lower, and the number of hits was higher while standing on the non-dominant foot (p = 0.01). MANOVA revealed that the “Dominant Leg” factor did not affect the multivariate composite (Pillai Trace = 0.05; F(4, 43) = 0.565; p = 0.689; Partial ETA Squared = 0.050; Observed Power = 0.174). The “Age” factor did not present an effect on the multivariate composite (Pillai Trace = 0.104; F(4, 43) = 1.243; p = 0.307; Partial ETA Squared = 0.104; Observed Power = 0.355). The results of the present investigation demonstrate that RT may be lower while standing on the non-dominant foot.