By use of the conventionally defined tibial plateau, data suggest that at approximately 90 degrees of flexion in stifle joints of dogs, shear force in the sagittal plane exerted on the proximal portion of the tibia shifts the loading from the cranial to the caudal cruciate ligament. Analyses involving the common tangent at the TFCP (a more anatomically representative reference point) identified this crossover point at approximately 110 degrees of joint flexion.

In dogs, stifle joints with partially ruptured CrCLs have marginally larger angles between the patellar ligament and the tibial plateau, compared with joints with intact CrCLs; at equivalent angles of flexion, comparatively greater shear force affects the CrCLs in stifle joints with partial CrCL ruptures.

. lm Jahre 1995 konnte an unserer Klinik bei insgesamt vier Pferden unterschiedlicher Rassen im Alter zwischen zwei und acht Jahren eine pharyngeale Zyste diagnostiziert werden. Die Diagnose wurde in allen Fällen endoskopasch gestellt. Das Allgemeinbefinden war bei zwei fferden nahezu ungestört, während zwei fferde ein mittel-bis hochgradig gestörtes Allgemeinbefinden im Zusammenhang mit Husten, Nasenausfluß und einer Dysphagie zeigten. Neben der Epiglottiszyste trat bei einem Pferd ein transientes Epiglottic entrapment auf, bei einem weiteren Pferd bestand ein permanentes Epiglottic entrapment. Die transendoskopische Exstirpation der Zyste wurde in allen Fällen am stehenden Pferd nach einer Sedation mil Detomidin (8 mg / 500 kg KG intravenös; Domosedan, Gräub AG)in Kombination mit Butorphanol(10 mg / 500 kg KG intravenös; Ivlorphasol, Gräub AG) und einer Lokalanästhesie des Rachenraumes (Lidokain Lösung 100/o; Streuli) vorgenommen. Zur transendoskopischen Resektion der Zyste wurde eine Drahtschlinge (SD'16U, Olympus AG) über einen transnasalen oder über einen transoralen Zugang an der Basis der Zyste fixiert. Die Resektion wurde elektrochirurgisch über einen an die Drahtschlinge angeschlossenen Hochfrequenz-Generator (UES 10; Olympus AG) vorgenommen. In drei Fällen gelang es, die Zyste an ihrer Basis abzusetzen. Bei einem Pferd wurde eine palatinale Zyste nur partiell reselert, um eine Perforation des weichen Gaumens zu vermeiden. Postoperativ erhielten die Patienten zwei maltäglich Penizillin (30000 lE / kg KG), Gentamicin (5 mg/kg KG) und Flumethason (2.5 mg/500 kg KG) intravenös über einen Katheter. Die Dauer dieser Behandlung richtete sich nach dem Heilvedauf. Alle operierten Pferde wurden zwei bis vier Wochen postoperativ wieder zu ihrem ursprünglichen Zweck eingeselz. In Anbetracht der einfachen Durchführbarkeit und der guten Operationsergebnisse mu8 die transendoskopische elektrochirurgische Resektion subepiglottealer Zysten am stehenden Pferd als eine Alternative zu den bisher beschriebenen Therapiemöglichkeiten betrachtet werden.Schlüsselwörle.: Pharynx -Pharyngeale Zyste Subepiglottiszyste -l\ilinimalinvasive Chirurgie -Pferd Tranaendoacoplc reaeclion ol pharyngegl cysts in the slanding horse Pharyngeaf cysts are uncommon in hors€s (Koch and Tate, 1978: Shoemaker andHaynes, 1992). fhey might be congenital remnants of the thyroglossal duct or of inflammatory or traumatic origin (Koch and Tate, 1978t Slck andBoles, 1980;Haynes et al., 1990;Fobedson, 1991; Shoemaket and Haynes, 1992). Suggestive clinical symptoms are an inspiratory and/or exspiratory noise, exercise intolerance, nasal discharge and dysphagia (Koch and Tate, 19781 Robeftson, 19911Tulleneß, 1991: Shoemaket and Haynes, 1992: Speirs et al., 1992. In the year 1995 four horses of different breeds between two and eight years of age were diagnosed with pharyngeal cysts in the Clinic of Ruminant and Equine Medicine. The diagnosis was made by endoscopic visualization in all cases. In two horses the general appearance was only slightly altered. Tw...

Malignant insulinoma is the most common type of neuroendocrine tumor found in the pancreas of dogs. Canine insulinoma displays malignant behavior with a high rate of metastasis. The most common sites of metastases are the draining lymph nodes, which are also the primary location sites for the recurrence of functional disease. However, identifying metastatic nodes can often be complicated, as the pancreas is drained by numerous lymphatic centers, and clinical enlargement or structural changes may not always be present in metastatic nodes. Additionally, unaltered nodes are frequently small (a few millimeters) and can be hard to distinguish from the surrounding tissues. Therefore, lymphadenectomy is generally recommended for affected dogs. Unlike in human medicine, there are currently no established strategies for lymph node resection in dogs with malignant insulinoma. This report presents a technique for identifying and removing sentinel nodes using indocyanine green and near-infrared lymphography (NIRFL) during surgery. A total of six sentinel nodes were detected and resected with this method. This technique could provide a more structured approach for lymph node resection in affected dogs and potentially in humans in the future. However, its therapeutic benefits must be evaluated in a larger cohort of cases.

Extrahepatic biliary tract rupture only rarely occur secondary to blunt or sharp trauma to the abdomen. Clinical symptoms result from chemical peritonitis and are unspecific. Recognition most often is delayed from several days to weeks, when patients suffer from ascites, icterus, dehydration and apathy. Surgical therapy depends of the site of laceration. In the present case, a dog with bile peritonitis was presented two weeks after being hit by a car. Explorative celiotomy revealed a rupture of the common bile duct. A cholecystojejunostomy was performed.