multifactorial in origin, with determinants being, among others, environmental, dietary and hereditary. The anatomy of the collecting system could be another potential risk factor. Some studies have focused on the characteristics of the inferior calyx that would be associated with a greater possibility

IntroductionReusable endoscopes have some limitations regarding their continued use. To sort out these problems, several disposable devices have appeared on the market. Our objective is to show our clinical results with a new digital flexible single-use ureteroscope.Materials and methodsThis study presents a prospective series of patients who underwent endoscopic surgery as treatment for renal stones using the digital disposable endoscope Uscope 3022™. Demographic, procedure and stone information were registered including surgery time, stone-free rate, need of ureteral catheterization and complications, among others. The behavior of the ureteroscope in terms of image quality and problems associated with flexibility and the working channel were also registered.ResultsA total of 71 procedures were included in the analysis. The mean age was 49.9 years old, with 70.4% of male patients. Mean stone size was 11.4 mm (4 to 40 mm). The most frequent stone location was in the lower calyces (28.2%). The stone burden was high (>2 cm) in 8.4% of patients. The mean surgical time was 56.6 minutes (15–180 min). In 94.4% of the cases, a laser was used with dusting parameters. The global stone-free rate (SFR) was 95.2%, but in the subgroups analysis SFR were significantly superior in stones less than 10 mm (97.9%) versus stones between 10 and 20 mm (94.5%) and greater than 20 mm (78.3%) (p <0.01). The postoperative placement of double-J stents was required in 66.2% of patients. Two minor complications were recorded and they were related to the ureteral access sheath used. There were no problems regarding the performance of the ureteroscope.ConclusionsThe clinical data observed in this series does not differ from the results traditionally obtained with other reusable devices. To our knowledge, this series is the first worldwide report evaluating the clinical behavior and results in humans of the Uscope 3022.

Código numérico 524-5241La ginecomastia es la anomalía mamaria más frecuente en el sexo masculino. La pseudoginecomastia es un cuadro que a menudo se confunde con la ginecomastia y consiste en el aumento de tejido graso en la región pectoral. El equipo de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital Militar de Santiago (Chile), por atender una población de jóvenes que realizan el servicio militar obligatorio, ha tenido una gran experiencia en el manejo de esta enfermedad; es por esto que nos planteamos como objetivo de estudio evaluar el manejo de los pacientes operados por esta patología en el Hospital Militar y la Clínica Santa María de Santiago, e intentar ofrecer pautas para el manejo de esta patología de la Cirugía General a nivel nacional.Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo sobre 106 pacientes operados con diagnóstico de ginecomastia o pseudoginecomastia entre Enero de 1987 y Julio de 2005 en las instituciones antes mencionadas.El promedio de edad de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fue de 24 años (rango: 15 a 50 años): 32% por ginecomastia pura, 29,4% por pseudoginecomastia y 38,8% por ambas. Todos fueron grado I y IIa de la clasificación de Simon. En el 50% de los casos se realizó adenectomía más lipoaspiración; adenectomía sola en 26,4% y lipoaspiración exclusiva en 23,6%. Casos complicados, 3,8% con hematomas y equimosis.La ginecomastia es una enfermedad frecuente en la adolescencia que además de provocar alteraciones estéticas, provoca alteraciones psicológicas en el paciente. La liposucción se consagra como una técnica quirúrgica importante para el tratamiento quirúrgico de esta anormalidad.

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was significantly faster than the nephrostomy needle or Lawson puncture wire (8.4, 63, 21 seconds (s), respectively, p<0.002). Bleeding intensity and duration were significantly lower with the Lawson wire (0.0, 0.0 s), versus LEXIT (2.1, 58.6 s) and the nephrostomy needle (3.4, 110.5 s) (Table 1). LEXIT was rated as in the easiest method for acquiring access within all calyces: upper pole (p[0.003), interpolar calyces (p<0.001), and lower pole (p<0.006) (Table 2).CONCLUSIONS: In the in vivo porcine kidney, endoscopic-guided retrograde holmium Laser Endoscopic X-ray-guided Intrarenal Tract (LEXIT) creation provided the fastest access times and greatest ease of access to the upper and interpolar calyces. Bleeding during LEXIT was significantly less than standard antegrade nephrostomy needle access.