The influence of the molar ratio H2O/SiO2 in the synthesis directly from Bangka Belitung’s Kaolin has been studied by performing synthesis of ZSM-5 with a variation of the molar ratio H2O/SiO2 is different at 15, 25, 30, and 35. Weighing 3.980 g Bangka’s kaolin are added other material so obtained molar composition 10Na2O: 120SiO2: 2Al2O3: 1800-4200H2O, and 1% of silicalite seed, subsequent hydrothermal process of 175°C for 24 hours. The result of solids was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and SEM EDX to the analyzed morphology of ZSM-5 crystal. The synthesis of ZSM-5 was directly optimum with molar ratio H2O/SiO2 of 30 having the highest cristallinity and largest crystal size of 59.44% and 3.795 µm, respectively.

Structure evolution and morphology of La0.7Sr0.3Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (LSCF 7328) were investigated during two different preparation methods namely mechanochemical and combination of mechanochemical-solid state. The result shows that no characteristic peak of perovskite oxide was found on the diffractogram of the product of sole mechanochemical method at 600 rpm and up to 12 h of high energy milling process. On the other hand, the manual grinding method that was followed by solid state calcination produces irregular particle size. Due to the result, the combination of both methods was proposed to obtain the fine structure formation and particle size distribution. Rietveld refinement was used to investigate the lattice distortion. It was found that unit cell remains unchanged at increasing milling time. Moreover, the combination method produces regular particle size at milling time of 0.5 h. At longer milling time, the more regular particle size is formed which comes from highly energy transfer of milling.

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Metal-organic framework (MOF) such as ZIF-8 is the tremendous porous material applied in many fields due to high specific surface area and excellent regularity of pores. One technique to improve the physical properties of ZIF-8 with the formation of a composite between a metal oxide and MOF. ZIF-8 and ZIF-8/ 2 3 were successfully synthesized by the solvothermal method with an variation of 19%, 38%, and 76%. The ZIF-8/ 2 3 were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and 2 Physisorption. The diffractogram shows that the appearing of ZIF-8's peak on 2θ = 7.26; 10.41, 12.66, 16.41, and 17.95°. The morphological of ZIF-8 crystals had a cubic shape. Then the ZIF-8/ 2 3 had different shapes with ZIF-8. Based on the FTIR result, the Zn-N peak appears on 420 −1 , which indicates the bonding between metal and organic ligand for ZIF-8/ 2 3 has an additional spike on 825 −1 due to the vibration of − − .