Abdominal pseudocysts (APC) are rare complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus. The authors studied retrospectively a series of 18 pediatric patients with APC. Signs and symptoms of shunt dysfunction were observed in 15 (83.3%), abdominal complaints in 10 (55.5%) and fever in 6 (33.3%). Prior to the diagnosis of APC, 2 patients suffered exploratory laparotomies due to important abdominal signs and symptoms. Ultrasonography was diagnostic in all cases and proved to be the method of choice in the evaluation of APC. Our series suggest that APC are strongly related to hardware infection and in some cases can result from a previous shunt infection not completely cured. The bacteriological examination of the tip of the peritoneal catheter was a reliable indicator of infection. According to our data, the best treatment seems to be the removal of the shunt system and the insertion of an external ventricular drainage. In our experience, almost half of the patients had a ventriculoatrial shunt replacing the peritoneal shunt at the end of the treatment.

Cystic dysraphisms of the cervical and upper thoracic region differ clinically and structurally from meningomyelocele and have a more favorable outcome. We believe that these malformations have not been properly labeled and propose a classification based on the structures found inside the cyst.

TRATAMENTO CIRÚRGICO E RESULTADOS EM 96 PACIENTES OPERADOS J. FRANCISCO SALOMÃO -RENÊ D. LEIBINGER -JOSÉ CARLOS LYNCHRESUMO -Os autores apresentam os resultados cirúrgicos de 96 casos de hematoma subdural crônico operados por meio de orifícios de trépano ou pequenas trefinas: 78 pacientes (81,3%) foram considerados curados, 6 (6,2%) apresentaram seqüelas e 12 (12,5%) faleceram. Os óbitos de natureza neurocirúrgica foram relacionados à intensidade do comprometimento neurológico por ocasião da cirurgia. A idade avançada associada à presença de doenças sistêmicas também teve influência na mortalidade. Seqüelas neurológicas foram observadas principalmente em pacientes submetidos a reoperações por reacúmulo do hematoma e em portadores de lesões bilaterais. Os autores chamam a atenção para a ocorrência de hipotensão intracraniana associada a colapso cerebral. A importância do diagnóstico precoce e cirurgia imediata são enfatizadas. Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical treatment and results in 96 operated patients.SUMMARY -Ninety-six patients with chronic subdural hematoma were treated surgically and their clinical features presented in detail. Carotid angiography gave the correct diagnosis in all patients. CT scan was performed in 38 and was diagnostic in 92.1% of the cases. The clots were removed through burr-holes or small trephines: 78 (81.3%) patients were cured, 6 (6.2%) had permanent disabilities and 12 (12.5%) died. Operative mortality was related to the degree of neurological impairment, advanced age and systemic diseases. Neurologic sequelae were mostly related to reoperations due to recurrence of the hematoma and bilateral clots, as well. Low intracranial pressure syndrome with brain colapse was seen in 3 cases and treated with lumbar injection of saline solution. The delay in diagnosis and operation as cause of bad outcome is stressed.Embora os hematomas subdurals crônicos sejam universalmente considerados uma das patologias intracranianas de evolução mais favorável, os resultados de seu tratamento cirúrgico nem sempre refletem esta benignidade 13. Esta constatação pode ser ilustrada analisando-se o resultado de diferentes séries com mortalidade amplamente variável 5,15,16,22,24,28,29.Estes dados se explicam basicamente em função do quadro clínico muitas vezes inespecífico, à ausência de relato ou banalidade dos antecedentes traumáticos e à falta de atenção para o diagnóstico da doença, freqüente-mente rotulada como acidente cerebrovascular ou demência aterosclerótica 21 .A escassez de relatos sobre o assunto na literatura nacional justifica o presente estudo.

RESUMO -A mielomeningocele constitui a mais freqüente malformação congênita do sistema nervoso e, a despeito de sua complexidade e acometimento de múltiplos órgãos, é compatível a sobrevida prolongada. Por esses motivos, o acompanhamento de pacientes com essa malformação assume vital importância no que diz respeito à qualidade de sua sobrevida. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade do acompanhamento de portadores de spina bifida cística tratados em um hospital pediátrico, 54 pacientes foram examinados e seus familiares entrevistados. A inexistência de um centro multidisciplinar de tratamento de portadores de defeito de fechamento do tubo neural na cidade do Rio de Janeiro obrigou os pacientes a se deslocarem para locais geograficamente distantes entre si em busca de tratamento complementar em várias especialidades correlatas, com reflexos negativos na qualidade de sobrevida. Desta maneira, apenas uma quarta parte dos pacientes era capaz de se locomover e a chamada deambulação comunitária era praticamente nenhuma. Apenas 2/3 se submetiam regularmente a fisioterapia e apenas a metade era regularmente acompanhada por ortopedistas. Quase 50% dos pacientes não foram orientados a procurar assistência urológica e 75% apresentavam incontinência urinária. A incidência de infecções urinárias de repetição foi 72,2%. As complicações e intercorrências neurocirúrgicas propriamente ditas tiveram incidências comparáveis às observadas na literatura. Concluímos que a qualidade de sobrevida dos pacientes estudados é significativamente afetada por fatores sócio-econômicos e pela ausência de centros multidisciplinares de tratamento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: spina bifida, mielomeningocele, disrafismo espinhal, clínica multidisciplinar. Follow-up of myelomeningocele patients in the outclinic of a pediatric hospitalSUMMARY -Myelomeningocele is the most common congenital malformation of the nervous system and despite its complexity and involvement of multiple organs is compatible with long survival. The peculiar characteristics of this malformation expose myelomeningocele patients to acute and chronic care problems with effects in quality of survival. In order to evaluate the quality of the follow-up of spina bifida patients in a pediatric hospital, the authors examined 54 patients attending the neurosurgical outpatient unity of a pediatric hospital. The lack of a multidisciplinary spina bifida clinic in Rio de Janeiro forced the patients to pursuit for complimentary medical and paramedical care outside the hospital with significant effects in the quality of survival. In consequence, only 25% of the patients were able to walk and community ambulation was nearly absent. Only 66.6% had a regular rehabilitation program and nearly 50% had routine orthopedics consultations. Almost half of the patients had no urological referral at all and 75% were incontinent, with recurrent urinary infections ranging 72.2%. The rates of neurosurgical complications were similar to those observed in the literature. We concluded that the quality of survival of patients...

Although some authors believe that chronic inflammatory changes following neurocysticercosis could induce the formation of brain tumors, this association may be a mere coincidence. In our case no clinical evidence of a prior infestation by Cysticercus was found. In fact, an exhaustive examination of the specimens did not reveal any areas of inflammatory reaction. We believe that the similarity of the glioma and cysticercosis antigens may be the cause of the positive reactions in the cystic fluid.