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Participants desired a different relative mix of attributes in their nurse managers, with Western Australian respondents most likely to indicate that transformational leadership contributed most to managerial effectiveness. Tanzanian nurse managers were most likely to advocate transactional leadership, whereas Singaporean nurse managers' views were located somewhere between. Given that these perceptions are valid, the content and curricula of management-development courses need to be cognisant of the cultural backgrounds of participants. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC? Views differ as to the extent to which the criteria for management effectiveness are broadly universal or contingent on culture. This applies to the area of nurse management as it does to healthcare management in general. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD? It is demonstrated that each of the three quite different countries or states considered identified a distinctive combination of attributes as desirable, with the nurse managers of Western Australia most likely to favour a transformational style of leadership, those from Tanzania a transactional leadership style and those from Singapore somewhere in between. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS? Given the country- or state-specific desire for a different relative mix of attributes in their nurse managers, management educators in Australia need to ensure that the content and curricula of their courses are cognisant of the cultural backgrounds of their students. There are also important lessons to be taken on board regarding recruitment of nurses into management positions in terms of each of the four dimensions considered, particularly in terms of desirable personality characteristics and beliefs and values.

Peer reviewed article he incidence of hospital acquired infection in developing countries is between two to 20 times higher than in developed countries and is attributable to multiple causes. Evidence-based international policies and guidelines developed to improve infection prevention and control are often not used in practice in these countries. To combat this challenge, this article presents an innovative educational framework used to bridge the gap between policy written by global health agencies and the realities of practice in Tanzania. IntroductionHospital acquired infection is a problem confronting all healthcare settings globally, leading to extended hospital stay and increased patient morbidity and mortality (Hambraeus, 2006). Furthermore, it is estimated that over 1.4 million people are suffering from hospital acquired infections at any one time (Allegranzi et al, 2007). In developing countries the infection rates are approximately two to 20 times higher than those in developed countries and are attributed to multiple causes such as inadequate infrastructure, understaffing, poor hygiene and underlying disease (Pittet et al, 2008;Nejad et al, 2011; World Health Organization, 2011). In response to this challenge, following a specific request from the Tanzanian Chief Nursing Officer (C. Mpandana, personal communication, 25 July 2009) to assist with the introduction of continuing professional development models, Western Australian infection control nurse experts were deployed by Global Health Alliance Western Australia (GHAWA) to Tanzania. They provided a novel educational framework that bridged the gap between internationally informed policy and the realities of practice in Tanzania. This article describes the educational and transcultural strategies they employed to achieve a positive outcome.In reviewing the literature there was a dearth of studies conducted on infection control in Tanzania. Those that exist, however, indicate a prevalence of surgical site infections (SSIs) occurring in up to 25% of all in-patients throughout the country (Eriksen et al, 2003;Gosling et al, 2003;Fehr et al, 2006). This was in comparison with findings from other sub-Saharan countries that indicated a prevalence of between 6.8% and 23.6% (Ameh et al, 2009;Mwachaka et al, 2010;Wood et al, 2012). It must be noted that direct comparison between studies should be treated with caution due to the differing methods of data collection, settings, samples, types of surgery and socioeconomic status in each country.To combat the prevalence of infection in developing countries, a number of global activities have been launched, including the WHO First Global Patient Safety Challenge, Clean Care is Safer Care recommendations and guidelines (World Health Organization, 2009a,b). These guidelines, along with the Tanzanian National Infection Prevention Guidelines 2007 (Tanzanian Government, 2007), were used in the development of an Infection Prevention and Management Course (IPMC) delivered to health professionals in Tanzania by GHAWA educ...