On-road traffic is a significant source of air pollutants. The spatial and temporal configuration of onroad emissions should be described with the best available information, to underpin the air quality management, or to undertake studies about the behavior of pollutants in the atmosphere. The emission maps are typically built using intensity maps and hourly traffic profiles. We present an updated map for the year 2013, of the daily intensity of traffic of the Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ) and its hourly variation by type of day, based on counting 335 points developed by the Secretary of Mobility from the Municipality of Quito. The roads with most traffic are located mainly in the north of the urban area of Quito and those that connect to the valleys of Los Chillos Cumbayá and Tumbaco. In the north, the traffic flow of working days is over Saturday flows (10 %) and Sundays (60 %). In the south, traffic flow on Saturdays is similar to the values of working days. On Sundays, the traffic intensity is reduced by 26 %. In roads of the urban area of Quito the traffic is reduced during holidays. However, in the ways of the periphery there is an increase (between 11 and 47 %) compared to the flow of the weekdays. In the future this information will be used to generate maps of high spatial and temporal resolution of the emissions of primary air pollutant. These maps will allow the performance of updated studies of air pollutants dispersion in the DMQ.Keywords. DMQ, emission inventories, top-down approach, traffic profile. ResumenEl tráfico vehicular es una fuente relevante de contaminantes del aire. La configuración espacial y temporal de las emisiones vehiculares debe caracterizarse con la mejor información disponible, para apuntalar la gestión de calidad del aire, o emprender estudios del comportamiento de los contaminantes en la atmósfera. Los mapas de emisión se estructuran típicamente en base de mapas de la intensidad y de los perfiles horarios de tráfico. Presentamos una caracterización actualizada al año 2013 de la intensidad media diaria del tráfico vehicular del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ) y de su variación horaria por tipos de día, en base al conteo en 335 puntos desarrollado por la Secretaria de Movilidad del Municipio de Quito. Las vías con mayor actividad se localizan principalmente al norte de la zona urbana de Quito y en aquellas que conectan con los valles de Los Chillos, Cumbayá y Tumbaco. En la zona norte, el flujo vehicular de días laborables es mayor a los flujos de los sábados (en un 10 %) y domingos (en un 60 %). En la zona sur, el flujo vehicular de los sábados es similar a los valores de días laborables. Los domingos, la intensidad de tráfico se reduce en un 26 %. En la zona urbana de Quito el tráfico se reduce en días feriados. Sin embargo, en las vías de la periferia hay un incremento (entre 11 y 47 %) con respecto al flujo de los días laborables. A futuro esta información será utilizada para generar mapas de alta resolución espacial y temporal de las emisiones de conta...
Electricity is a key energetic component to socio-economic development. Its production is based on the consumption of non-renewable resources (fossil fuels), renewable sources and nuclear energy. The generation by fossil fuels produces the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, whose magnitude directly depends on the configuration of the matrix or mix of power generation from a country or region. Globally the percentage of CO2 emissions attributed to electricity and heat generation reaches 41 %. The CO2 emission factors for electricity generation in Ecuador were estimated for the period 2001-2014. The results vary between 241.0 and 397.5 g CO2 kWh −1 . The highest value corresponds to 2010, the year with the highest participation of non-renewable resources (52.2 %). The lower value corresponds to 2003, year with lowest participation of non-renewable resources (34.5 %). The most recent value, for the year 2014, is 342.6 g CO2 kWh −1 . This emission factor serves to establish indicators of sustainability, as the carbon or the ecological footprint. It is a basic parameter in energy planning and in estimation of greenhouse gases emissions.Keywords. ecological footprint, carbon footprint, mix of generation, sustainability, energy performance. ResumenLa electricidad constituye un elemento energético clave para el desarrollo socioeconómico. Su producción se basa en el consumo de recursos no renovables (combustibles fósiles) y el uso de fuentes renovables y energía nuclear. La generación mediante combustibles fósiles produce la emisión de contaminantes del aire y de gases de efecto invernadero, cuya magnitud depende directamente de la configuración de la matriz o mix de generación eléctrica de un país o región. A nivel mundial, el porcentaje de las emisiones de CO2 que se atribuye a la electricidad y la generación de calor alcanza el 41 %. Se estimaron los factores de emisión de CO2 por generación eléctrica en el Ecuador durante el periodo 2001 -2014. Los resultados varían entre 241.0 y 397.5 g CO2 kWh −1 . El mayor valor corresponde al 2010, año con la mayor participación de fuentes no renovables (52.2 %). El menor valor corresponde al 2003, año con la menor participación de fuentes no renovables (34.5 %). El valor más reciente, para el año 2014, es 342.6 g CO2 kWh −1 . Este factor de emisión sirve para establecer indicadores de sustentabilidad, como la huella de carbono o la huella ecológica. Es un parámetro básico en la planificación energética y en la estimación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.Palabras Clave. huella ecológica, huella de carbono, mix de generación, sustentabilidad, rendimiento energético. IntroducciónLa electricidad constituye un elemento energético clave para el desarrollo socioeconómico. Durante el año 2014 en el Ecuador se generaron 24 307.2 GWh de electricidad y se importaron 836.7 GWh; totalizando 25 143.9 GWh. De este valor, el 85.5 % se destinó al consumo público; y el restante 14.5 % para procesos productivos y de explotación [1].La electricidad se genera en parte po...
On-road traffic is an important source of air pollutants in the Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ). Until today the emissions from this sector in the DMQ were performed mainly using emission factors from the international literature. This paper updates the atmospheric emission inventory from the on-road traffic in the DMQ, taking 2012 as the base year. The best available information of sales statistics and properties of fuels, the composition of the vehicular park, and traffic intensity were used. The emission factors were deduced using the emission records of the Vehicular Technical Control (VTC) from the DMQ. The on-road traffic emits 102.7 kt/y of CO, 20.9 kt/y of NOx, 13.2 kt /y of NMVOC, 1.7 kt/y of PM10, 1.2 kt/y of PM2,5 and 0.5 kt/y of SO2. It was estimated that during 2012, in the DMQ circulated 519 111 vehicles, of which 94.4 % correspond to gasoline vehicles and 5.6 % to diesel vehicles. The analyses of the VTC's database shown that 390 326 vehicles were controlled during 2012. The difference in comparison with the estimated vehicle park that actually circulated in the DMQ, indicates that 25 % of vehicles not fulfilled the VTC. The gasoline vehicles emit 86.3 % of CO, 77.0 % of NMVOC and 75.3 % of SO2. The diesel vehicles emit 82.5 % of PM2,5, 76.4 % of PM10 and 60.6 % of NOx. The information used for this emission inventory implies a reduction in the level of uncertainty in relation to previous emission inventories. Hourly emission maps obtained from this inventory can be used to perform air pollutants chemical transportation studies, using last-generation numerical models.Keywords. Vehicular Technical Control, emission factors, DMQ, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles. ResumenEl tráfico vehicular es una fuente relevante de emisiones atmosféricas en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ). Hasta la fecha, la estimación de las emisiones de este sector en el DMQ ha sido elaborada principalmente en base de factores de emisión de la literatura internacional. Este artículo presenta una actualización del inventario de emisiones atmosfé-ricas del tráfico vehicular en el DMQ, tomando como base el año 2012. Se utilizó la mejor información disponible sobre las estadísticas de venta y propiedades de los combustibles, la composición del parque vehicular y de la intensidad de tráfico. Se utilizaron factores de emisión deducidos en base de los registros de emisiones de la Revisión Técnica Vehicular (RTV) en el DMQ. El tráfico vehicular presenta un aporte de: 102.7 kt/año de CO, 20.9 kt/año de NOx, 13.2 t/año de COVNM, 1.7 kt/año de MP10, 1.2 kt/año de MP2,5 y 0.5 kt/año de SO2. Se estimó que en el DMQ durante el año 2012 circularon 519 111 vehículos, de los cuales 94.4 % corresponden a vehículos a gasolina y 5.6 % a vehículos a diésel. Del análisis de la base de datos de la RTV 2012 se deduce que 390 326 vehículos se sometieron al control de emisiones. La diferencia con la cantidad estimada de vehículos que efectivamente circularon en el DMQ, indica que un 25 % de los vehículos no se sometieron a la RTV. Los ve...
Renewable energy is an alternative to reduce the impacts from fossil fuel use. The control of atmospheric emissions is relevant in fragile ecosystems as the Galapagos Islands. At present almost all the electricity consumed in Galapagos is generated in power facilities equipped with internal combustion engines. This type of power facilities results in significant emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), pollutants for which it has been established an annual average concentration of 30 µg m 3 to protect sensible vegetation and ecosystems. In late July 2014, on the Campus of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Galapagos (USFQ Galapagos), a solar panels system began to operate. The preliminary assessment for the first four months of production indicates an average performance of 12.7 %. In one year this system avoids the emission of 11063 kg of CO2 and 298 kg of NOx, representing a 10.4 % overall reduction of atmospheric emissions. Galápagos requires an air pollutant emission inventory and air quality monitoring, as basic tools for air quality management and control. This information will be useful to simulate the behavior of pollutants and understand the link between emissions, dispersion and the effects of air pollutants in the Galapagos Islands.Keywords. internal combustion engine, single-crystalized panel, emission inventory, carbon footprint. ResumenLas energías renovables constituyen una alternativa para reducir los impactos del uso de combustibles fósiles. El control de las emisiones atmosféricas es relevante en ecosistemas frágiles como las Islas Galápagos. En la actualidad casi toda la electricidad que se consume en Galápagos se genera en centrales equipadas con motores de combustión interna. Estos equipos producen emisiones importantes de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), contaminantes para los que se ha establecido una concentración media anual de 30 µg m 3 a fin de proteger a la vegetación sensible y los ecosistemas. A finales de julio de 2014, en el Campus de la Universidad San Francisco en Galápagos (USFQ Galápagos), empezó a funcionar un Sistema de Paneles Solares (SPS). La evaluación preliminar de su funcionamiento durante los primeros 4 meses indica un rendimiento medio del 12.7 %. En un año el SPS evita la emisión de 11 063 kg de CO2 y 298 kg de NOx, que representan una reducción global del 10.4 % de las emisiones atmosféricas. Es prioritario contar con un inventario de emisiones atmosféricas y emprender campañas de monitoreo de la calidad del aire. Esta información permitirá también simular el comportamiento de los contaminantes. Estos componentes serán de gran utilidad para el control de la calidad del aire y de sus efectos en las Islas Galápagos.Palabras Clave. motor de combustión interna, panel monocristalino, inventario de emisiones, huella de carbono. IntroducciónLas energías renovables constituyen una alternativa para reducir la dependencia y los impactos generados los combustibles fósiles, cuyo uso-entre otras connotacionesproduce emisiones de contaminantes atmosféricos y de gases de efec...
Weather information is critical to diverse fields of research and environmental management. Meteorological observations are typically recorded in weather stations located at a few points within the area of interest. Through eulerian meteorological models it is possible to generate information for places where direct monitoring is not available. The Advanced Research WRF model was used to simulate the meteorological fields for the year 2010 for continental Ecuador. One master domain (cells of 36 km) and 2 nested subdomains (cells of 12 and 4 km) were used in the model. The modeled monthly mean variation for the temperature captured the tendency of the meteorological records for the 10 stations used in this study. Temperature monthly means for 3 stations were well reproduced, with differences between 0 -1 • C. At 7 stations the model yielded higher or lower values in comparison with the records, with differences between 0.1 -2.7• C. The best correlation between modeled results and observational records happened for the 5 stations located on the coast side (Costa) (R2 between 0.90 -0.97) whose topography is flat. The correlation coefficient was lower for the stations in the highlands (Sierra) (R2 between 0.69 -0.89), possibly due to the influence of its complex topography. At 7 stations percentages higher than 90 % were obtained of modeled values that comply with the desired accuracy, according to European criteria. At all stations the average absolute error values were lower than the upper limit that considers the USEPA. At 3 stations values of bias were within the range recommended by the USEPA. Model maps provide an integrated and coherent description of the spatial and temporal variation of temperature throughout the territory. These model products can be very useful for applications in which marginal differences in temperature between model results and observations are not relevant. Assessments with more stations and meteorological parameters are required for a more accurate study. Likewise, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the model, considering separately the Costa, Sierra and Amazonia; with a higher spatial resolution for the Sierra's simulations.
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