Background:The COVID-19 vaccine is an effective strategy to prevent viral infection during global pandemic. Health belief model has been recommended to explain the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination behavior in the community. This study aimed to estimate the perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 and the perceived benefit in receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Subjects and Method: This study used a systematic review study design and a meta-analysis using PICO, Population: Society, Intervention: Perceptions of high susceptibility to COVID-19 and high perceptions of benefits about the COVID-19 vaccine. Comparison: Low perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 and low perceived benefit of COVID-19 vaccine, Outcome: Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine. The articles used in this study came from 4 databases, namely Pubmed, Sciencedirect, SpringerLink and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the article search were as follows "Health Belief Model" OR "HBM" AND "Acceptance" OR "Receive" AND "COVID-19 Vaccine" AND "General Population". The articles included in this study were full paper articles, cross sectional study designs, in 2020-2022 and the size of the relationship of Adj Odds Ratio (aOR). Results: A total of 9 cross-sectional studies with 12,713 people from 3 continents, namely America (United States), Asia (Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia) and Europe (Russia) were obtained. From data processing, it was found that a high perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 increased acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination by 1.33 times compared to a low perceived susceptibility and this result was statistically significant (aOR= 1.33; 95% CI= 1.08 to 1.65; p= 0.008) . A high perceived benefit increased acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination by 3.28 times compared to a low perceived benefit and this result was statistically significant (aOR= 3.28; CI 95%= 1.87 to 5.74; p< 0.001). Conclusion: Perceived susceptibility and perceived benefit increase the likelihood of acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination in the community.

Background: Today, the world not only has to face a higher number of deaths from TB every year, but other challenges arise in the form of drug-resistant TB with risk factors that can affect the incidence of MDR TB, namely treatment-related factors (direct) and other factors (not direct). direct) such as biological, social, economic, and health system factors. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of HIV infection, smoking and previous medication history on the incidence of MDR TB, with a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors. Subjects and Method: This study was conducted using a systematic review and meta-analysis study design using PICO, population: Tuberculosis Patients. Intervention: Risk Factors for HIV Infection, Smoking, and History of Medication. Comparison: no HIV infection, no smoking and no history of medication, Outcome: MDR-TB incidence. The articles used in this study came from 4 databases, namely Pubmed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Google scholar. The article keywords are ("Risk factor" or "associated") AND ("Multidrug resistant Tuberculosis" or "MDR TB") AND "Case Control" AND (HIV or Smoke or treatment). The articles included in this study are full paper articles, case-control study designs, 2011-2021 and the size of the relationship between Adj Odds Ratio. Article selection is done using PRISMA. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: A total of 20 case-control studies with 18,790 TB patients with details of 4,220 cases and 14,570 controls from 3 America, Africa, and Asia. HIV infection had a risk of 2.05 times in TB patients becoming MDR-TB (aOR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.03 to 4.07; p= 0.040). Smoking had a 2.2 times risk in TB patients for MDR-TB (aOR= 2.20; 95% CI= 1.87 to 2.59; p<0.001). History of TB treatment had a 9.08 times risk in TB patients to become MDR-TB (aOR=9.08; 95% CI= 5.49 to 15.03; p<0.001). Conclusion: Risk factors for HIV infection, smoking and history of TB treatment increase the incidence of TB to MDR-TB.