Since March 2020, the case of coronavirus disease or known as Covid-19, has become a global pandemic. According to UNESCO, schools are closed in about 100 countries due to a public health emergency, including Indonesia. The condition forces teachers to make the transition of the way they teach from face to face learning to online learning. This study investigated EFL teachers’ Perception of online English language learning. Their perceptions were analyzed in three aspects: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and their attitude toward online English language learning. This study employed a descriptive design with a qualitative approach. A survey questionnaire and interview were used in this study to elicit the responses of 102 Junior High School English teachers in Bandung. This study's findings revealed that the participants showed a positive perception of the usefulness and ease of use of online learning systems during pandemic Covid-19. Still, more than half of the teachers didn’t agree on the effectiveness of it. Even though the teachers face many online teaching problems, they could show the right attitude toward using technology to teach online.

Objective Distilled liquid smoke (DLS) is a result of coconut processing by-product that not only serves as a natural food preservative but also has a promising therapeutic effect. The healing potential of DLS derived from coconut (Cocos nucifera L) shell was investigated on a traumatic ulcer with the diabetic rat. Materials and Methods DLS was analyzed the component by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry. Diabetic condition was induced by alloxan in 55 male Wistar rats. Ten mm of traumatic ulcer was made along the labial fornix incisive inferior after the diabetic condition was confirmed. Then DLS coconut shell, benzydamine hydrochloride, and sterile distilled water were applied topically for 3, 5, and 7 days. The potential healing was evaluated based on the expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on macrophages using immunohistochemical staining and the amount of collagen using Masson Trichome staining. The difference between each group was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The least significant difference test is used to determine the significant difference (p < 0.05). Results The major compounds found were phenol (36.6%), 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) (25.2%), furfural (17.8%), and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (3.5%) with 28 other minor constituents. The lowest NFκB and TNF-α expression on macrophage was observed by topical application of DLS derived from coconut shell for 3, 5, and 7 days of treatment. The amount of collagen was increased and indicated by the highest result of DLS compared to others. Conclusion The DLS derived from coconut (Cocos nucifera L) shell was able to improve traumatic ulcer healing in a person with diabetes.

BackgroundThe emergence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) compromises the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART), resulting in treatment failure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although more than a decade has passed since ART was introduced into Indonesia, information on TDR is limited. Here, a genotypic study of TDR among ART-naïve individuals was conducted in Surabaya, Indonesia.MethodHIV-1 seropositive participants were recruited from the communities of commercial sex workers and intravenous drug users as well as from the university teaching hospital in Surabaya. Protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were sequenced in order to conduct HIV-1 subtyping and phylogenetic analysis and to detect TDR. TDR was defined as the presence of at least one surveillance drug resistance mutation on the WHO list or major drug resistance mutations in the International AIDS Society-USA panel.ResultFifty two and 47 of the PR and RT genes, respectively, were successfully sequenced in the 58 samples. HIV-1 subtyping revealed that 86.3% (50/58) of the sequenced samples were classified as CRF01_AE, 8.6% as subtype B, 3.4% as B/CRF01_AE, and 1.7% as A/G/CRF01_AE. TDR of PR inhibitors was not detected in this study. In contrast, TDR of RT inhibitors was detected in 4.3% (2/47) of samples. In addition, minor drug resistance mutations were detected in 98.1% (51/52) and 12.8% (6/47) of PR and RT genes, respectively.ConclusionThis study clarified the predominance of the CRF01_AE strain in Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of TDR was below 5%, indicating that the currently available first-line regimen is still effective in Surabaya. However, the prevalence might be underestimated since we detected only major population of HIV-1 in individuals. Therefore, continuous surveillance is required in order to detect the emergence of TDR in the early phase.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12981-015-0046-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Background and Aim:The immunocompromised condition is considered a defect in the immune system. This condition tends to increase the risk of oral candidiasis, due to the inability of the immune system to eliminate the adhesion of Candida albicans and leads to systemic candidiasis with a mortality rate of 60%. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) contains potential antioxidant and immunomodulatory which acts as anticancer, antifungal, and antivirus agent. The aim of this study was to invent herbal-based medicine, which acts as an immunomodulator and antifungal agent to treat fungal infection in immunocompromised patients.Materials and Methods:Thirty-five immunocompromised Wistar rats induced with C. albicans were divided into 7 groups (n=5): Control group (C+); treated for 4 days with green tea extract 1.25% (GT 4), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 1% (EGCG 4), EGC 1% (EGC 4); and treated for 7 days with green tea extract 1.25% (GT 7), EGCG 1% (EGCG 7), and EGC 1% (EGC 7). Tongue tissue was collected and analyzed with immunohistochemistry staining using monoclonal antibody; interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-8, and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD)-2. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance test and Tukey honest significant differences test.Results:The expression of IL-17A, IL-8, and HBD-2 was significantly increased (p=0.000) after green tea extract administration in 7 days, whereas in 7 days, the expression of IL-8, IL-17A, and HBD-2 after EGCG and EGC administration did not give a significant result (p>0.005).Conclusion:Within the limits of this study, green tea extract has the ability as an immunomodulatory agent in an immunocompromised patient infected by C. albicans through expression augmentation of IL-8, IL-17A, and HBD-2 compared to EGCG and EGC.