Objective: To determine the frequency of various foreign bodies (FBs) retrieved from the airway during bronchoscopy in children at the

To determine the frequency of malarial hepatopathy in children that are visiting Lyari General Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Study design Cross sectional descriptive study. Material and methods Patients with age between two months and 15 years, who had positive blood film for Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax, were included in the study. All patients were monitored for malarial hepatopathy. Result A total of 241 cases were included in the study. Mean age at admission was 4.1 ± 1.3 years and male to female ratio was 1.2:1. There were 133 (55.2%) cases of P. vivax, while 108 (44.8%) were of P. falciparum. Malarial hepatopathy was observed in 37 patients (15.4%). Malaria hepatopathy was present in 24.1% and 8.3% children having P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. Malaria hepatopathy was present in 24%, 18% and 6% in age groups two months to five years, >5 years to 10 years and >10 years, respectively. Conclusion Malarial hepatopathy was observed in about one-sixth of study population and it was more common between two months and five years age group.

Aim: To evaluate the advantages/benefits of a single cosmetic incision approach for the repair of bilateral inguinal hernia in children. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration of study: Pediatric surgery department, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro from February 2017 and June 2022 Methodology: Bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies were performed on a total of 178 children and infants who received treatment in succession. A single, transverse, 2.5-cm long suprapubic incision was performed in 89 (50%) of the patients, and the Scarpa fascia was punctured using cautery. The external ring was located and opened after retracting the wound, and the ilioinguinal nerve was safeguarded. After testicular vascular and sac separation from vas deference, the hernial sac is delicately Trans ligated with 3-0 Vicryl (Ethicon), closed was the external oblique aponeurosis. The wound was then retracted to the opposite side and treated there using the same technique. Results: Ages ranged from 3 months to 11 years at the time of operation (average, 29.8 months). 56.93% of the patients—96—were under the age of one, with 51 of them—28.65%—being under the age of six months. 48 patients were 1 to 5 years old, and 24 were over the age of 5. The average operating time was 8–10 minutes shorter than it had been in the past for children who had undergone bilateral inguinal incisions, which typically took 30–40 minutes. The visual look and overall outcomes have pleased the patients and parents. There haven't been any recurrences so yet. Conclusion: In order to improve therapeutic impact and lower the risk of complications and recurrence, we develop a single incision method for bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphies. Depending on the availability of a paediatric surgeon with the necessary experience and skills, a single incision technique for treating a child's bilateral inguinal hernia is practical, safe, and can be provided to patients. Keywords: single incision approach, inguinal herniorrhaphies, children, cosmetics