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In this study, the analgesic potency of constant rate infusion of tramadol hydrochloride and as adjunct to ketoprofen on laparotomy-induced pain was evaluated. Dogs were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=5). Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 0.5mg/kg/hr, 1.0mg/kg/hr and 2.0mg/kg/hr IV; CRI of tramadol hydrochloride respectively while group 4 which served as control received normal saline. Infusions were administered from 30 minutes before surgery and lasted for 105 minutes. All dogs underwent ventral midline laparotomy. Ketoprofen 50 mg/ml at the dose of 5mg/kg, SC was given at 1 hour post-surgery (hps) after pain assessment and on days 2 and 3 post-surgery (dps) to dogs in all the groups. Parameters determined were heart and respiratory rates, blood glucose level, pain score and body weight. Results showed that mean heart rate, respiratory rate and body weight were not differed significantly (p > 0.05) within and among the groups. Mean blood glucose level of group 4 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the other groups intra-and post-surgery. Mean blood glucose level of group 3 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of group 1 at 1 hps. Group 4 dogs also had significantly higher mean blood glucose intra-surgery and at 1 hps than their baseline value. Group 4 dogs had significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean rank pain score than other dog groups on 0-3 dps while mean rank pain scores of groups 1 and 2 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of group 3 on 0 dps. It was concluded that tramadol HCL at constant rate infusion doses of 0.5mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg/hr and 2.0mg/kg/hr were effective at managing laparotomy-induced pain up to one hour post-surgery. As an adjunct to ketoprofen, 2.0mg/kg/hr of tramadol hydrochloride offered better analgesia than the other doses studied during the post-surgical days.

Cyphostemma vogelii (family: Vitaceae) is a herbaceous plant which grows in Obukpa town in SouthEastern Nigeria. C. vogelii is said to be generally medicinal though no specific medicinal activity was mentioned in the literature for this plant. The analgesic effect of C. vogelii was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. The extract was also screened for antiinflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced and kaolin-carrageenan-induced paw edema tests. C. vogelii extract dose dependently inhibited acetic acid-induced pain in mice. The extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly inhibited inflammatory and neurogenic pain induced by formalin. The effects of 200 mg/kg on formalin induced pain were similar to those of aspirin, while 400 mg/kg produced more inhibitory effects. At 2, 3 and 5 h post carrageenan injection, 200 and 400 mg/kg extract significantly inhibited paw edema. The extract dose dependently suppressed kaolin-carrageenan-induced edema from 3 h post treatment for up to 24 h. The effect of 400 mg/kg on kaolin-carrageenan-induced edema was similar to that of aspirin, while 100 mg/kg showed the least activity. The data obtained from this study showed that the methanol extract of C. vogelii exhibited mild analgesic activity as well as antiinflammatory activity.

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