<p><em>Vibrio cholerae</em> is one of the pathogenic bacteria transmitted through contaminated food, especially seafood and contaminated beverages. <em>V. cholerae</em> produces <em>cholerae toxin (ctx)</em> which is encoded by the <em>ctx</em> gene located within its chromosome. This toxin has been recognized as one of the toxins responsible for cholera outbreaks. The mechanism of <em>ctx</em> gene expression is induced by environmental signals such as pH, osmolarity, temperature, bile, amino acids, and CO₂. These signals will be a positive transcriptional factor to the <em>ToxR</em> gene that regulates the biogenesis of <em>cholerae toxin</em>. After <em>cholerae toxin</em> has been successfully expressed, <em>V. cholerae</em> uses a type II secretion (T2S) pathway to deliver <em>cholerae</em> toxin to the extracellular environment. <em>Cholerae toxin</em> consists of A and B subunits. The B subunit plays a role in attaching to the receptor <em>Manosialosyl Ganglioside (GM₁ ganglioside) </em>and the A subunit plays a role in catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of G_s (stimulatory) proteins and turning them into active condition. The G_s proteins will convert the inactive <em>adenilate cyclase </em>(AC) into active AC. The increase of AC activity will increase the <em>cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate </em>(cAMP) concentration along the cell membrane. The cAMP then causes the active secretion of sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^-), potassium (K⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), and water (H₂O) out of the cell into the intestinal lumen, resulting in large fluid losses and electrolyte imbalances.</p><p> </p>Keywords: <em>Vibrio cholerae, cholerae toxin (ctx), ToxR</em> gene, type II secretion (T2S), <em>GM₁ ganglioside,</em> <em>adenilate cyclase.</em>