A mycelial lipase from Rhizopus rhizopodiformis was prepared in fragment form. The lipase was examined to catalyze the alcoholysis of palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) in organic solvents. High percentage conversions of PMF to alkyl esters were achieved when methanol or propanol was used as acyl acceptor. Of the two most prevalent fatty acids in PMF, palmitic acid seemed to be preferred over oleic acid in the formation of methyl and propyl esters. The optimal ratio of oil to methanol in the alcoholysis reaction is 1 to 2 moles. The lipase exhibited high alcoholysis activities in nonpolar solvents (log P > 2), such as hexane, benzene, toluene, and heptane. The enzyme showed exceptionally high thermostability. JAOCS 74, 113-116 (1997).

A technique for the modeling of nonlinear control processes using fuzzy modeling approach based on the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model with a combination of genetic algorithm and recursive least square is proposed. This paper discusses the identification of the parameters at the antecedent and consequent parts of the fuzzy model. For the antecedent fuzzy parameters, genetic algorithm is used to tune them while at the consequent part, recursive least squares approach is used to identify the system parameters. This approach is applied to a process control rig with three subsystems: a heating element, a heat exchanger and a compartment tank. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides better modeling when compared with Takagi Sugeno fuzzy modeling technique and the linear modeling approach.

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The ultrasonic homogenization of coconut milk with added sodium caseinate (SC) was carried out to reduce the fat globules size and stabilize the emulsion. The coconut milk was mixed with SC at different concentrations from 0.5% to 2% w/w. The sonication was conducted at different sonication amplitudes (60%, 80% and 100%). The primary and effective droplet size, viscosity, homogenization efficiency and free fat content of the homogenized emulsion were characterized. Ultrasonic homogenization significantly reduced the average particle size to lower than half of its original size and reached to sub‐micron range size. Increasing the SC concentration positively reduced both the creaming index and free fat content without significant change in apparent viscosity. In this study, the changes in the physical characteristics of the emulsion were more affected by the SC concentration than the amplitude setting percentage. Nevertheless, both parameters were important in the formation of submicron‐sized droplets. Practical applications Coconut milk is highly unstable and vulnerable to oxidation. Due to its low stability, it can easily separate into two phases. Instability of the emulsion leads to the instability of the spray‐dried product. The homogenization of coconut milk fat with emulsifiers is widely conducted to increase the emulsion stability. The homogenization process will reduce the fat globules size while the emulsifier will lower the interfacial tension between the oil and water phases. However, sufficient power and amount of emulsifier are required in order to achieve high stability of the emulsion. The effects of the sonication amplitude and SC concentration on the stability of the coconut milk were investigated. The detailed knowledge obtained from this study on the optimum sonication amplitude and SC concentration can be utilized to improve the emulsion stability while taking food safety into consideration. Additionally, the physical characteristics of the emulsion are also determined, and results are found to be promising for the production of high stability emulsions.

This paper highlights the underlying factors that define the success of industrial design literature, which can be measured through citation characteristics. In this regard, the study aims to identify and analyse the characteristics of top-cited papers published in the Web of Science under the topic of industrial design from 1980 to 2014. The results showed that the top five papers received 896 citations, which were published between 2002 to 2006, and obtained 278 )31.02%) citations. The top five keywords were extracted from the abstracts of top-cited papers. In addition, the names of the top journals were Design Studies, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, and International Journal of Design. Industrial design is proposed as a new Web of Science category.