Resumo Com exceção da febre amarela, as febres ainda foram pouco exploradas pela historiografia da saúde brasileira. No século XIX, contudo, sua presença na vida social era quase incontornável, atingindo enormes parcelas da população. Suas vítimas padeciam de uma grande variedade de sintomas em que a identificação e a terapêutica eram objeto de intensos debates nos círculos médicos. A intelectualidade luso-brasileira, atenta tanto aos debates médicos europeus quanto a experiências clínicas, esforçou-se para fornecer respostas na forma de intensa produção impressa; no entanto, as manifestações febris encontradas nos trópicos representavam um desafio extra à sua formação europeia, forçando-a a conjugar experiências adquiridas em partes distintas do Império na constituição de saberes específicos sobre as febres tropicais.
Resumo Ao longo do século XVII, a tradição médica de matriz hipocrático-galênica sofreu crescentes críticas de correntes médicas emergentes, em especial a iatroquímica, em grande parte devedora da herança alquímica de Paracelso (1493-1541). Em Portugal, parte da historiografia tem apontado que a rivalidade observada em outros contextos europeus, como França e Inglaterra, expressou-se de forma mais branda, ou conciliatória. De forma geral, os médicos lusitanos tenderam a abordar ambas as escolas de pensamento como complementares, o que contribuiu para a disseminação dos remédios de origem química no reino, a despeito da hegemonia galênica no ensino médico e do arrepio das autoridades inquisitoriais. Por meio da análise de utilização de plantas e minerais no tratamento das febres, o artigo procura analisar como essas questões se refletiram na obra de João Curvo Semedo, um dos mais destacados médicos portugueses do período e ávido divulgador dos remédios químicos no reino. Ao longo da análise, percebe-se que, apesar de sua forte inclinação pela farmácia química, no âmbito da patologia, seus posicionamentos pareciam mais afeitos à tradição galênica, ponto no qual divergia de outros médicos também simpáticos aos princípios alquímicos de seu tempo.
RESUMO Este artigo discute a emergência do discurso médico sobre questões relativas ao comportamento transgressor no contexto intelectual lusitano do século XVIII, através das obras Dissertação sobre as paixões da alma (1753), de Antonio Ribeiro Sanches (1699-1783), e Medicina Theologica (1794), de Francisco de Melo Franco (1757-1823. Ambas escritas e publicadas durante as reformas ilustradas em Portugal, no período que se estende entre o consulado pombalino e o reinado mariano. Calcadas em referenciais filosóficos de matriz racional-empirista, os respectivos autores se utilizam de um vocabulário médico que se renovava através dos debates entre correntes vitalistas, animistas e mecanicistas, para interpelar os discursos tradicionais, sobretudo o Direito e a Teologia, e reivindicar a legitimidade do discurso médico para tratar da alma como um objeto próprio à sua jurisdição.
In 2022, Brazil completed 200 years of political independence in the midst of multiple and interconnected crises. Is there anything to celebrate? There is little room for rational optimism. We are currently faced with global health crises, climate emergencies, a decline in trust in science and democratic institutions, and a political and ideological attack against the state's role in social protection and the production of well-being. The dossier From Independence to Empire: Health and Disease in Nineteenth-century Brazil is an academic and political act of commemoration, that is to say, an act of remembering together, critically, the challenges, continuities, and changes in public health in Brazil as it transformed from its status as a colony of Portugal to a sovereign country in 1822.The history of healthcare in nineteenth-century Brazil provides some keys to better understanding public health in the twentieth century and its challenges in the twenty-first. It questions established views in Brazilian public health about the history and the "past" -often linear, unidirectional and evolutionary -and their search for "history lessons," especially in political and public health crises such as epidemics and pandemics. The work of historians can make time and space the constituent elements of debates, processes, ideas, practices, policies, agents and institutions in the field of public health. This dialogue is explicit in this dossier and has been supported by Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 1 .Until recently, the literature on the history of public health in Brazil focused on the twentieth century, especially the First Republic. Over the last decade, the public health history of the Imperial period has advanced in an original way, dialoguing with and renewing long-standing themes in Brazilian historiography. The articles in this dossier reflect this new trend that incorporates intellectual, political, social, and cultural history. Written by historians and social scientists from different institutions and regions, the articles provide a historical perspective on the multiple, decentralized facets of healthcare and public medicine in Imperial Brazil.In particular, they address local and provincial experiences, the dynamics of medical, care and public health institutions, therapeutic eclecticism and medical pluralism, innovations such as the introduction of the smallpox vaccine, health professions and practitioners of traditional healing methods, physicians, pharmacists and nurses, epidemics and sanitary conditions in cities, medical and political debates about health and diseases, medical journalism, sanitary issues in the press, the etiologies of diseases and, above all, the human tragedy of slavery and the trafficking of enslaved Africans and its long-lasting impact on Brazilian society. The articles address the continuities and changes from the colonial experience in Portuguese America and the post-independence period through to the first decade of Republican Brazil.In 1922, the year of the first centenary of independenc...
As a presentation of the dossier “From Independence to Empire: health and disease in Brazil in the nineteenth century,” the article contrast “modern Brazil” imagined by the medical and political elites on the occasion of the First Centenary of Independence in 1922 with the numerous problems and challenges in the field of health that the republic, in its third decade, had inherited from the colonial and Imperial periods. In addition, it highlights issues in the history of health in the 19th century that allow the readers of the dossier to reflect on the unfulfilled civilizational promises of 1822-1922 in light of the immense challenges of the year 2022 when Brazil completes two hundred years of political sovereignty.
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