SUMMARY 1. We examined whether a large stock of tilapia (>750 kg ha−1, in littoral areas >1300 kg ha−1), mostly Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger), could contribute to the eutrophication of a tropical reservoir (Lago Paranoá, Brasília, Brazil) by enhancing P‐loading. 2. We took advantage of an extensive fish kill (>150 tons removed) during May–August 1997 in a hypereutrophic branch of the reservoir to compare water quality characteristics 1 year before and after this event by means of BACI statistics. We also measured P‐excretion rates in laboratory trials to assess the P‐loading of the reservoir by the tilapia relative to tributary inputs and loading from a sewage treatment plant. 3. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (decline from 84 to 56 μg L−1, P=0.018) and total P (decline from 100 to 66 μg L−1, P < 0.001) decreased significantly in the branch of the reservoir affected by the fish kill, compared with a similar but unaffected branch that served as a control. Because P‐loading by both a sewage treatment plant and tributaries remained high after the incidence, the fish kill was likely to contribute to the observed water quality improvement. 4. Removing 150 tons of dead tilapia corresponded to 20 days of external total phosphorus load (TP‐load) to the branch, and resulted in a reduction of 5.1 kg P day−1 in internal recycling via tilapia excretion, which is equivalent to 12% of the external TP‐load. 5. Implementing professional tilapia cast‐net fisheries could be an efficient biomanipulation approach to improve water quality and limit the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms and fish kills in hypereutrophic branches of Lago Paranoá and similar tropical lakes.
Recebido em 3/11/08; aceito em 27/4/09; publicado na web em 22/9/09 GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE FINAL DISPOSAL OF THE WATER TREATMENT RESIDUALS ON DEGRADED AREA. This survey determined the physical and chemical properties of the gravel place where urban sludge from Rio Descoberto's Water Treatment Plant is disposed. Physical, chemical and biological analysis of the soil samples (n=54), sludge samples (n=2), chemical coagulant (n=20) and samples from superficial waters (n=9) and water table (n=60) were performed. As results we can emphasize the horizontal distribution of mineral phases like gibbsite, organic material, exchanged Ca, available Mn and P on the soils are originated from the sludge. Some of these mobile elements could stimulate the growing of the vegetation, but they also could contaminate the water table.Keywords: sludge from water treatment plant; degraded areas; environmental geochemistry. INTRODUÇÃOO lodo químico produzido pelas Estações de Tratamento de Água, LETA, é um resíduo gerado no processo de tratamento da água, principalmente nas etapas de decantação e lavagem dos filtros. Trata-se de um material extremamente gelatinoso, composto por hidróxidos de alumínio, partículas inorgânicas como argila e silte, colóides de cor e microrganismos, incluindo plâncton, além de outros materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos, que são removidos da água bruta ou, ainda, provenientes dos produtos químicos adicionados ao processo.1,2 Seu pH varia de 5 a 7, sendo insolúvel na faixa natural de pH da água.Estima-se que no Brasil sejam despejadas 2.000 t/dia de LETA diretamente nos cursos d'água sem qualquer tratamento.3 Essa prática pode contribuir para o consumo de oxigênio dissolvido no curso d'água, levando a condições anaeróbias, com produção de odores, crescimento excessivo de algas e mortandade de peixes. 4 Alguns estudos mostraram a toxicidade crônica desse material para os organismos aquáticos, assim como a degradação da qualidade da água e dos sedimentos. 5,6 No entanto, dada a crescente preocupação com os aspectos negativos que a disposição inadequada do LETA possa trazer ao meio ambiente, outras práticas têm sido adotadas. Dentre elas, a utilização como insumo agrícola, 4,7 a recuperação de áreas degradadas, 2,4,8,9 a codisposição em aterros sanitários, 1,10,11 a reciclagem de resíduos da construção civil, 12 o uso como coagulante para estações de tratamento de esgotos, 13 a regeneração do coagulante, 14 entre outras. As características do LETA o tornam mais similar ao solo que os lodos de esgotos.15 Neste caso, o nitrogênio e a matéria orgânica contida no LETA são, em geral, mais estáveis, menos reativos e em menores concentrações. Na Estação de Tratamento da Água Rio Descoberto, ETA-RD, o lodo proveniente da lavagem dos filtros é centrifugado e encaminhado para a cascalheira desativada, desde março de 1997, para ser utilizado na recuperação daquela área degradada.16 A ETA-RD tem capacidade nominal para 6.000 L/s, utiliza o coagulante sulfato de alumínio férrico no tratamento da água do Lago Descoberto e trabalha c...
The effects of disposal of sludge from water treatment plant (WTS) in area damaged by laterite extraction and its consequences to soil and groundwater were investigated. Therefore, the presence and concentration of anthropogenic elements and chemical compounds were determinated. WTS disposal's influence was characterized by electroresistivity method. The WTS's geochemical dispersion was noticed in the first meters of the nonsaturated zone from the lending area. Lateritic profiles were characterized due to the large variation in chemical composition between the horizons. Infiltration and percolation of rainwater through the WTS have caused migration of total dissolved solids to the groundwater. WTS's disposing area has more similarities to local preserved vegetation than to gravel bed area. WTS can be considered a noninert residue if disposed in degraded areas located in regions with similar geological and hydrochemical characteristics.
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