WordNet is an on-line lexical reference system whose design is inspired by current psycholinguistic theories of human lexical memory. English nouns, verbs, and adjectives are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different relations link the synonym sets.Standard alphabetical procedures for organizing lexical information put together words that are spelled alike and scatter words with similar or related meanings haphazardly through the list. Unfortunately, there is no obvious alternative, no other simple way for lexicographers to keep track of what has been done or for readers to find the word they are looking for. But a frequent objection to this solution is that finding things on an alphabetical list can be tedious and time-consuming. Many people who would like to refer to a dictionary decide not to bother with it because finding the information would interrupt their work and break their train of thought.In this age of computers, however, there is an answer to that complaint. One obvious reason to resort to on-line dictionaries-lexical databases that can be read by computers-is that computers can search such alphabetical lists much faster than people can. A dictionary entry can be available as soon as the target word is selected or typed into the keyboard. Moreover, since dictionaries are printed from tapes that are read by computers, it is a relatively simple matter to convert those tapes into the appropriate kind of lexical database. Putting conventional dictionaries on line seems a simple and natural marriage of the old and the new.Once computers are enlisted in the service of dictionary users, however, it quickly becomes apparent that it is grossly inefficient to use these powerful machines as little more than rapid page-turners. The challenge is to think what further use to make of them. WordNet is a proposal for a more effective combination of traditional lexicographic information and modern high-speed computation.This, and the accompanying four papers, is a detailed report of the state of WordNet as of 1990. In order to reduce unnecessary repetition, the papers are written to be read consecutively. PsycholexicologyMurray's Oxford English Dictionary (1928) was compiled ''on historical principles'' and no one doubts the value of the OED in settling issues of word use or sense priority. By focusing on historical (diachronic) evidence, however, the OED, like other standard dictionaries, neglected questions concerning the synchronic organization of lexical knowledge.

Mobile and pervasive computing technologies provide us with some of the first opportunities to explore computing outside climate-controlled building environments. With this freedom comes an endless variety of environments that the research community has just begun to explore as potential sites for technology use. The original pervasive computing systems used office spaces and office mobility as a jumping-off point for concept explorations. 1 We pursued a different approach by looking at work environments outside the office, including medical clinics, manufacturing plants, and farms.This article discusses an extended study of vineyard workers and their work practices to assess the potential for sensor network systems to aid work in this environment. The study's larger purpose is to find new directions and new topics that pervasive computing and sensor networks might address in designing technologies to support a broader range of users and activities. We expect that much of what we uncovered in this research will be useful to technology design for outdoor environments, other types of agriculture, and mobile work environments in general.Previous research on sensor network applications has frequently focused on partnerships between technologists providing the sensor networks and biological and environmental researchers studying habitats and endangered species. 2-4 As a potential user group, agriculturalists are distinct from scientists doing habitat research. They focus on production rather than exploratory research, so they're not interested in spending time interpreting data. They want data that recommends a course of action, something that will save them time rather than create additional work. Also, agriculturalists aren't working in remote or fragile environments. They interact closely and physically with crops, touching and examining them each day. They know they can't farm remotely.These two primary differences in work activities and priorities between agriculturalists and biologists indicates why our study is important in the discussion of sensor network applications. The sensor network application requirements for biological researchers aren't the same as those for agriculturalists and others working on vineyards, farms, or other sites of agricultural production.In addition to looking at a new category of users, our study is also distinguished by our human-centered research approach. We used ethnographic methods including interviews, site tours, and observational work to broadly understand the work activities and priorities of the various roles working in a vineyard. This rigorous and holistic approach to what software developers might describe as requirements gathering was particularly important because we were studying a population with work activities very different from our own. In contrast to previous sensor network implementation projects, our target users weren't researchers, nor were they approaching their work from a research perUsing ethnographic research methods, the authors studied the structure...

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The purpose of the longitudinal study reported here was to determine the developmental relation between the two systems of expression available to the young child in the period of early language learning: affect and speech. Two achievements in language were identified for a group of 12 infants: First Words, at the beginning of the single-word period (mean age about 13 months), and a Vocabulary Spurt toward the end of the period (mean age about 19 months). Affect expression was coded continuously in the stream of the infants' activity as they and their mothers played with groups of toys and ate a snack. The occurrence of words was examined in relation to the expression of affect and the results of this study concern developments in the integration of these two forms expression. The children's words occurred closely in time with their expression of emotionally toned affect. We concluded, then, that they were learning words to express what their feelings were about even though none of the actual words they said were emotion terms. However, the cognitive requirements for emotional expression and expression through speech resulted in several constraints on their integration. Words were said with neutral affect expression most often. Emotionally toned affect expression was least likely to occur before words, with a peak in emotional expression in the moments immediately after words. The peak in emotional expression with words was significantly greater, and the pre-word dip in emotional expression was significantly less, at the Vocabulary Spurt than at First Words. Thus, the two systems of expression converged in the period of single-word development as the children came to be able to say words with emotional affect. However, their emotional expression with words had positive rather than negative valence, with low rather than heightened intensity, and were among the children's most frequent and earliest learned words. These results are discussed in terms of the acquisition of language for expression and the different cognitive requirements for expression through affect and speech.The first forms of affect expression are already available to infants in the beginning months of life and are probably biologically determined (e.g. Emde, Gaensbauer, & Harmon, 1976;Izard, 1977). By the time language begins in the second year, the development of the system of emotional expression is well underway. The purpose

• Information sensitivity. How sensitive is the data?The interplay of these three subjective aspects determines how people perceive privacy and potential violations.Information receiver. Some of the more straightforward aspects of our results involve the information receiver, or "who monitors whom." In terms of monitoring, residents are clearly the focus. Also, management monitors caregivers' locations. Managers also wear badges, but no one regularly consumes that data. In terms of data consumption, the caregivers are the main consumers, but management, family, and health providers can also consume residents' data. Most of the people we interviewed were unaware of this, however, and the data has rarely, if ever, been shared. Information usage.In this case, how people use the information is more complicated than who receives it. The system was installed with a general purpose in mind: Gathering data to enhance the residents' lives. Everyone involved-the residents, family, caregivers, and managers-are aware of this goal and accept it as truth. How this goal is reached, however, and how the target information is used, is somewhat cloudier.Data fusion raises a particularly insidious set of problems. Data from various sensors can be merged to yield secondorder data, such as what time a resident entered his room, who entered with him, and what movements (and, to some extent, activities) occurred thereafter. For residents involved in campus romances, for example, load cell data could prove embarrassing. Data fusion is a general problem. It's difficult to imagine various uses for fused data when you don't even consider that a fusion could take place.Although the facility has protections against some problems, nefarious activities are still possible. Load cell data indicating that residents are sleeping could leave them vulnerable to theft, for example, as could data indicating that their rooms are empty. For obvious reasons, this particular facility has been quite careful with data access. We must encourage designers of vulnerable ubicomp systems to be equally cautious, especially in cases where typical users are unlikely to understand the technology.Information sensitivity. Information sensitivity, of course, is a function of what information is shared. In this case, the information includes the person's physical location: data consumers can determine with a fair degree of accuracy where people are on campus. They can also determine who they're with. Such data would be generally considered quite sensitive, but in this study we found that people's lack of understanding of the technology rendered them unable to judge.One resident summed up the general consensus when he said that the badge's purpose is so that "someone can come and help." As we noted earlier, the load cells are equally misunderstood. Privacy and unawareness: Research implicationsIn part, user ignorance of technology is a direct result of the double-edged sword of "distraction-free" computing. 7 In this case, the facility owners introduced the technology ...