Recent perceptual studies of general deterrence have been guided by an unnecessarily narrow conception of general deterrence, despite the methodological advances in this type of research. These studies, moreover, have failed to recognize the complexity of the perceptual processes that intervene between the threat or experience of legal sanctions and behavioral outcomes. Consequently, the conclusions drawn from the findings about the process of general deterrence are questionable. This paper critically reviews perceptual studies of general deterrence with a view toward expanding the scope of deterrence theory and stimulating research in new directions. Suggestions are made about the kinds of data and analyses needed to test such theory more adequately.

Social psychology offers a perspective on the acceptance and adoption of technology that is not often considered in technical circles. In this paper, we discuss several adoption-of-technology models with respect to the acceptance of domestic robots: we examine socialpsychology literature and apply it directly to humanrobot interaction. We raise key points that we feel will be pivotal to how domestic users respond to robots, and provide a set of guidelines that roboticists and designers of robotic interfaces can use to consider and analyze their designs. Ultimately, understanding how users respond to robots and the reasons behind their responses will enable designers to creating domestic robots that are accepted into homes.

This paper addresses the impact of building regulations on constraints and drivers for innovation. It seeks to clarify whether a supposed shift from prescriptive to performance-based regulations has improved the environment for technical innovation in energy ef cient housing in Britain. We argue that when 'performance-based' building regulations are treated as static sets of technical requirements, their effect is similar to more traditional prescriptive forms of regulation. A more progressive approach is possible in which regulations can be used as part of a portfolio of policies aimed at improving performance. In this mode, functional performance speci cations can stimulate systemic innovation. A exible 'performancebased' form of standard could provide rms with the freedom, market incentive and institutional frameworks within which to innovate. The process itself could lead to information sharing and cooperation but for this to be achieved, competitiveness and regulatory policies need to be co-ordinated better. Regulatory objectives and mechanisms for achieving them need to match. Regulations need to accommodate technical change at different levels in the production process, including new product development and systems integration.Cet article traite des conse  quences de la re  glementation en matie Á re de construction sur les contraintes et les moteurs de l'innovation. Il cherche a Á de  terminer si un passage hypothe  tique de la re  glementation normative a Á une re  glementation fonde  e sur les re  sultats a ame  liore  le cadre de l'innovation technique dans le secteur de la construction de logements ef caces au plan e  nerge  tique en Grande-Bretagne. Nous pre  tendons que lorsque une re  glementation fonde  e sur les re  sultats se transforme en un ensemble rigide d'impe  ratifs techniques, ses effets sont similaires a Á ceux des re  glementations normative plus classiques. On peut envisager une approche plus progressive selon laquelle les re  glements peuvent e à tre inte  gre  s dans un ensemble d'objectifs lie  s a Á l'ame  lioration des performances. Dans ce contexte, les spe  i cations de performances fonctionnelles peuvent stimuler l'innovation syste  mique. Une forme de norme souple, base  e sur les re  sultats, pourrait donner aux industriels de la construction une certaine liberte  , leur fournir une incitation sur le plan commercial et constituer le cadre institutionnel dont ils ont besoin pour innover. Ce processus pourrait lui-me à me conduire a Á un partage de l'information et a Á des formes de coope  ration, a Á condition toutefois que soient mieux coordoune  s les principes de la compe  titivite  et de la re  glementation. Les objectifs de la re  glementation et les me  canismes ne  cessaires pour les atteindre doivent e à tre adapte  s les uns aux autres. La re  glementation doit permette que soient apporte  s des changements techniques a Á diffe  rents niveaux du processus industriel, y compris la mise au point de nouveaux produits et l'inte  ...

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The social meaning of wife assault has changed in recent years for both citizens and formal social control agents. Research on deterrence has been partly responsible for modiyying police responses to domestic violence. Police are increasingly adopting pro-arrest policies for wife assault, but little is known about perceptions held by assaulters concerning the consequences of arrest for their life circumstances. Using national survey data from samples of both assaultive and nonassaultive men, the following questions are addressed: What costs do men perceive as most likely to occur if they are arrested for wife assault? Does the perceived likelihood of these costs contribute to their overall fear (i.e., perceived severity) of arrest? To what extent is the perceived likelihood of these costs related to involvement in wife assault? Perceived costs include both direct consequences seen to result from arrest and any indirect costs for the person. Indirect consequences include stigmatic costs (e.g., familial or personal humiliation), attachment costs (e.g., damage to interpersonal relationships) or commitment costs (e.g.. jeopardized investments or foreclosed opportunities). The implications of the findings for an expanded version of the deterrence doctrine are discussed.