. J. Chem. 62, 2682Chem. 62, (1984.6,7-Dimethoxy-(2H)-l,3-benzothiazine undergoes reaction with phthalide anions yielding 13-hydroxy-8-0x0-5-thiaprotoberberines. The latter dehydrate readily to thia analogues of 8-oxoprotoberberines and in one case have been reduced to 5-thiaprotoberberines by treatment with phosphorus oxychloride followed by sodium borohydride. These compounds are members of a new heterocyclic ring system. RICHARD MARSDEN, DAVID B. MACLEAN et LAJOS FODOR. Can. J. Chem. 62, 2682.La dimkthoxy-6,7 (2H)-benzothiazine-l,3 rkagit avec les anions phtalides en fournissant les hydroxy-13 0x0-8 thia-5 protoberbkrines qui se dkshydratent facilement pour conduire aux analogues thia des 0x0-8 protoberbkrines et qui, dans un cas, ont pu &tre rkduites en thia-5 protoberbkrines par un traitement avec de l'oxychlorure de phosphore suivi par une rkaction avec du borohydrure de sodium. Ces composks font partie d'un nouveau systkme hktkrocyclique.[Traduit par le journal]The reaction of phthalide anions with cylic imines in the form of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines (1, 2) and with acyclic imines (2-4) has been described in several recent publications. Here we report the reaction of 6,7-dimethoxy-(2H)-1,3-benzothiazine 1 (5, 6) with anions derived from phthalide 2a and 5,6-dimethoxyphthalide 2b. The condensation products and their various transformation products are 5-thia analogues of the protoberberine ring system and represent a new heterocyclic ring system. A different approach to this ring system has recently been discovered and communicated (7). The ring system is systematically named and numbered as shown below.3

No abstract

Apparent dipole moments in benzene of various p-substituted N-phenyl derivatives of pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, and thiomorpholine and of some analogous NN-diethylanilines have been determined. Vector moments along the bisector of angle CH2NCH2 and also in the direction of the major axis of the aromatic ring have been calculated for the parent compounds. The order of magnitude of the latter is N-phenylpyrrolidine > NN-diethylaniline > N-phenylpiperidine > N-phenylmorpholine > N-phenylthiomorpholine. The nature of the heterocycle does not greatly affect the additional moment, p(add.), along the major axis of the aromatic ring, required to account for the moments of the p-substituted compounds. In each series of compounds, p(add.

No abstract

The closing decades of the nineteenth century saw a shift in how Welsh medieval history was conceptualized. Predominantly antiquarian and mythic approaches were replaced, in intellectual circles at least, with narrative syntheses based on credible sources. This change was part of the rise of source-based and narrative forms of national history-writing across Europe. 1 The result in England was a confidently Whiggish and constitutionally focused historiography that reduced Welsh history to what Keith Robbins calls 'little more than a perpetual footnote in accounts of the history of the English state'.2 Welsh historians in the period responded to this discourse in a variety of ways, but even those who disputed its message nonetheless borrowed extensively from its assumptions.Given that a critical approach to sources was central to this new 'scientific' history, its impact on Welsh historiography can be explored by looking at how English and Welsh historians employed one particular source. To that end, this article will focus on their use of the Description of Wales (Descriptio Kambriae) by the churchman, Gerald of Wales (c.1146Wales (c. -1223. This text was not only a valuable source of information on medieval Welsh society but, for reasons discussed below, worked as a metaphorical barometer for the outlooks of the historians who used it. An analysis of how the source was applied thereby illustrates how the conceptual tools of English Whiggism were appropriated by Welsh intellectuals at the close of the nineteenth century and deployed in 3 This article uses a specific source, rather than a specific theme, to contribute to that research. GERALD OF WALES AND THE DESCRIPTION OF WALESIn order to understand the uses to which historians have put the Description, it is necessary to recognize the influences that shaped both the source and its writer. The first version of the text was completed in 1194 as a companion piece to the Journey through Wales (Itinerarium Kambriae), a travelogue written by Gerald as he toured Wales in 1188 with Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury to preach the Third Crusade. 4 The Description focuses on the topography and ethnography of Wales, with a particular emphasis on those areas in the south still under native rule. Book One covers the geography and place names of Wales, its political and ecclesiastical divisions, the genealogies of ruling elites and the positive aspects of Welsh character. Book Two, subtitled 'the less good points', focuses mainly on what Gerald regarded as the more reprehensible aspects of Welsh culture.5 The Description's value to subsequent historians derives from the fact that it is not a set of annals or a narrative, but what Robert Bartlett calls an 'ethnographic monologue' aiming to describe a society.6 It therefore contains a wealth of information about Welsh life in the twelfth century that is not found in any other contemporary source.Gerald's portrayal of Welsh society was shaped by his background. As a member of a prominent Marcher family and thus the Norman kn...