BACKGROUND: Changes in prostate cancer screening practices in the United States have led to recent declines in overall incidence, but it is unknown whether relaxed screening has led to changes in the incidence of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Beginning in 2007, the incidence of metastatic prostate cancer has increased especially among men in the age group thought most likely to benefit from definitive treatment for prostate cancer. These data highlight the continued need for nationwide refinements in prostate cancer screening and treatment.

Junior and senior clinicians showed a dramatic adoption of endoscopic techniques. Treatment of upper tract calculi is an evolving field and provider specific attributes affect how these stones are treated.

As cells age and are exposed to genotoxic stress, preservation of the genomic code requires multiple DNA repair pathways to remove single or double- strand breaks. Loss of function somatic genomic aberrations or germline deficiency in genes involved in DNA repair can result in acute cell death or following a latency period cellular transformation. Therapeutic exploitation of DNA repair by inhibition of poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) ribose polymerases (PARP), a family of enzymes involved in the repair of single-strand and in some cases double-strand breaks, has become a novel cancer treatment. While the application of PARP inhibitors (PARPis) was initially focused on tumors with BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficiency, our current knowledge has extended synthetic susceptibilities of PARPi to deficiencies in proteins and pathways involved in DNA damage repair (DDR) in particular those that repair double-strand breaks using homologous recombination (HR). There is an increasing appreciation that genitourinary (GU) malignancies, including bladder, and especially prostate cancers, contain subsets of patients with germline and somatic alterations in HR genes that may reflect increased response to PARPis. In this review, we describe the mechanisms and rationale of PARPi use in GU cancers, summarize previously reported pre-clinical and clinical trials, and identify ongoing trials to determine how PARPis and strategies targeted at HR repair can be applied for widespread application in GU cancers.

Urology resident involvement is not associated with increased overall and surgical complications. It may even be protective when adjusted for appropriate factors such as case mix, complexity and operative time.

Readmission after outpatient urological surgery occurs at a rate of 3.7%. A history of cancer, bleeding disorder, male gender, ASA level 3 or 4 and age were associated with readmission along with greater rates of medical and surgical complications. Our results may help guide risk reduction initiatives and prevent costly readmissions.