The level and type of resistance against leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) was determined in modern spring barley germplasm. In field trials all over Europe most accessions were in some locations and years significantly less infected than the moderately resistant reference 'Grit'. Differentiating P. hordei isolates indicated that most accessions carried hypersensitivity (Rph) genes. A virulence survey indicated that among the known resistance genes, only Rph7 is still fully effective in Europe. Some accessions carried undetermined hypersensitivity resistance gene(s) that were effective to all isolates tested. The level of non-hypersensitivity or partial resistance was assessed from the latency period of the fungus and the percentage of early aborted infection units not associated with plant cell necrosis. These parameters indicated that several accessions had a level of partial resistance higher than that of the highly partially resistant 'Vada'. We concluded that barley breeders have achieved very high levels of partial resistance against P. hordei in spring barley germplasm. barley / leaf rust / partial resistance / virulence / hypersensitivityRésumé -Résistance à la rouille brune (Puccinia hordei) du germplasme d'orge de printemps d'Europe de l'ouest. Le niveau et le type de résistance contre la rouille brune (Puccinia hordei) ont été déterminé chez le germplasme d'orge de printemps. Dans des champs expérimentaux présents dans l'Europe entière, la plupart des accessions ont été pour certains sites et années, moins infectées comparé à la référence 'Grit' qui est modérément résistante. Des isolats de P. hordei différenciés ont indiqué que la plupart des accessions contenaient les gènes d'hypersensitivité Rph. Un test de virulence a indiqué que des gènes Rph connus, seul Rph7 est encore complètement efficace en Europe. Certaines Agronomie 20 (2000) 769-782 769 © INRA, EDP Sciences 2000 Communicated by Hanne Østergård (Roskilde, Denmark) * Correspondence and reprints rients.niks@pv.dpw.wau.nl ** Affiliations are in Appendix

No abstract

In the Swedish context, the discursive regime about linguistic phenomena is characterized by a ‘matrix of intelligibility’ (Butler 1999 [1990]) that promotes images of linguistic practices among adolescents in the suburbs not only as deviant and incomprehensible, but also as essentialized traits of ethnic Otherness, social and educational problems and, more recently, of an aggressive masculinity embodied in sexist and homophobic behaviour. Unlike dominant media representations which depict such linguistic practices as unintelligible as well as inherently sexist and homophobic, the aim of the present article is to take a queer stance and illustrate how ethnic insults, gay innuendos and misogynist talk are meaningful in the sense that they constitute a rich pool of interactional resources that allow the young men in our study to actively partake in the negotiation of a ‘local masculine order’ (Evaldsson 2005) in which positions of power, authority and solidarity are enacted and/or contested.

Over the last 30 years, linguistic practices of young people in highly dense urban environments in Sweden (also called Rinkeby Swedish) have become something of a Foucauldian conundrum: a phenomenon to be investigated, a problem to be regulated. The present article will explore the dynamic interplay between the ideologies and practices with regard to Rinkeby Swedish. The article will focus on (1) a panel debate that took place in the context of the annual School Forum (Skolforum) in Stockholm in 2009, and (2) a few school interactions among those adolescents whose linguistic practices have generated so much public concern. The main argument of the article is that both the public debate and the school practices are examples of stylized performances in which the participants simultaneously reproduce and complexify or resist dominant language ideologies, together with the (local) cultural meanings and stereotypes associated with them. [youth styles, ethnicity, parody, language ideology, Rinkeby Swedish]

During the last decade, Sweden has witnessed a significant increase in public attention concerning the following interrelated linguistic phenomena: (a) a linguistic style labelled "Rinkeby Swedish," (b) specific "Rinkeby Swedish words" that have been perceived as disparaging in Swedish public debate, and (c) a specific young male immigrant identity indexed by this linguistic style. Drawing on ethnographically collected data and naturally occurring talk in a multi-ethnic Swedish upper secondary school, this article examines a possible shift in language ideology, whereby tabooed words and urban youth styles are not dismissed by the school institution but are incorporated in teaching activities. Furthermore, it is argued that there are reasons to look for other interactional accomplishments than solely identity in the use of urban youth styles. The article shows how identity may be used as a resource in the construction of social hierarchies as well as interactional enjoyment among some male students.