During recycling of synaptic vesicles (SVs), the retrieval machinery faces the challenge of recapturing SV proteins in a timely and precise manner. The significant dilution factor that would result from equilibration of vesicle proteins with the much larger cell surface would make recapture by diffusional encounter with the endocytic retrieval machinery unlikely. If SV proteins exchanged with counterparts residing at steady state on the cell surface, the dilution problem would be largely avoided. In this scenario, during electrical activity, endocytosis would be driven by the concentration of a pre-existing pool of SVs residing on the axonal or synaptic surface rather than the heavily diluted postfusion vesicular pool. Using both live cell imaging of endogenous synaptotagmin Ia (sytIa) as well as pHluorin-tagged sytIa and VAMP-2, we show here that synaptic vesicle proteins interchange with a large pool on the cell axonal surface whose concentration is approximately 10-fold lower than that in SVs.

Molecularly confirmed HCCC accounted for 2.5% of salivary gland malignancies at our institution. HCCCs are indolent tumors with a propensity for locoregional recurrence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 503-511, 2017.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract