Autoimmune diseases during childhood are common and are usually observed to affect multiple systems. Among many pediatric autoimmune diseases, several cutaneous manifestations were reported in the literature, and the adequate examination and detection of these manifestations might significantly enhance the chances of establishing an adequate diagnosis of the underlying diseases and conditions because the affected patients usually present with typical symptoms. Establishing a proper diagnosis can enhance the prognosis of the affected patients and might prevent the development of serious complications and other adverse events. Besides, it was also previously indicated that establishing an early diagnosis will furtherly help with deciding the most appropriate interventions, which will also enhance the prognosis of the pediatric population. In this literature review, we have discussed the cutaneous manifestations of several autoimmune diseases that might affect the pediatric population. We have majorly discussed the conditions that are associated with systemic lupus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, dermatomyositis, juvenile-onset systemic sclerosis and morphea. The cutaneous manifestations of these conditions are hugely variable and usually need careful examination and adequate differential diagnosis to establish the best management modality. Besides, some manifestations might gradually develop which might even make the diagnostic approaches even more difficult. Accordingly, clinicians should provide full and thorough examination and diagnosis of the suspected patients because detecting such cases might significantly enhance the prognosis and lead to adequate treatment.

Dialysis and kidney transplantation are the only available management approaches for these patients. Estimates show that the survival rates and quality of life are significantly higher for patients that receive kidney transplantation than others with dialysis. In addition, the effectiveness of preemptive kidney transplantation was well-evidenced in the literature. It had been further demonstrated that performing preemptive kidney transplantation significantly reduces the complications of renal transplantation and dialysis and was incredibly cost-effective when compared to dialysis. Furthermore, evidence regarding its effectiveness was well-established among studies in the literature as a safe primary management approach for patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease. This literature review discussed preemptive kidney transplantation's indications, outcomes and complications. Our findings indicated the efficacy of the approach for patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease. However, the appropriate selection of the patients was a critical issue. Besides, serious efforts should be exerted to prepare the patient perioperatively. Nevertheless, kidney functions were reported to increase following preemptive kidney transplantation. Graft rejection and delayed graft functions were also reported to follow preemptive kidney transplantation. However, the estimated rates are lower than those for patients having transplantation following the start of dialysis. We encourage further relevant investigations to further elaborate on the long-term findings, prognosis, and complications.