<p>Even though PV systems have been promoted as a green form of electrification, such systems are still contributing to environmental impacts after considering life-cycle impact during material extraction, manufacturing processes of its components, installation, operation, and maintenance. This paper presents a life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia using monocrystalline silicon PV module. LCA had been carried out by using OpenLCA 1.8 software, Ecoinvent 3.5 database, and impact assessment method of IMPACT2002+ and CED. The influence of varying system capacity from 3 to 12 kWp, system lifetime of 21, 25 and 30 years, and solar irradiation of 1560.8, 1651.8, &amp; 1935.5 kWh/m²/yr, were investigated. The results revealed that the greenhouse gas emissions rate, cumulative energy demand, and energy payback time of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia ranged from 37.97 to 67.26 g CO₂-eq/kWh, 4387.10 to 4699.99 MJ/m², and 6.37 to 7.90 years, respectively. This study also evaluated indicators of energy return on investment. The overall finding implies that the installation of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia offers significant potential for GHG emissions reduction in the country.</p>

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Due to the increasing of power system fault and failure, voltage sag (dip) will occur instantaneously with respect to the fault and failure itself. The power system network consists of high voltage (HV), medium voltage (MV) and low voltage busbar (LV). Monitoring equipment in the power systems network are installed at strategic and appropriate 33/11 kV feeder. The propagation and the travelling of voltage sag from one busbar to another busbar can't be recorded in each part of the power system network. This paper has been written to investigate the propagation of voltage sag from one busbar to the other busbar through transformer connections due to power system faults. Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD/EMTDC) will be used to construct and simulate a power system model network. The results of this work later will be used to develop an empirical rule for the propagation of voltage sag in power system network. It is hoped that the empirical rule can be used for an example planning for voltage sag mitigation in the power system networks and monitoring purposes.Index Terms-voltage sag (dip), power system network, propagation and transformer connections.978-1-4244-7128-7/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE