In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper provides valuable information to establish new comparative policies between ASEAN countries. The study used disproportionate policy-making that stimulated the understanding of different adaptive strategies. The paper identified the extent of government response policy as a range of proportionate public involvement. The measure of disproportionality was obtained by calculating the regional differentiation in a particular country’s average response to a crisis. This study found that six ASEAN countries are disproportional in their Policy Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Thailand is ranked the highest and classified as the most prepared country in terms of Global Health Security, and four countries are classified as normo-action. Indeed, Thailand is one of the countries with the most-prepared health security. Nonetheless, countries deemed less prepared and underreacting include Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines, which have all witnessed continuous rapid growth in COVID-19 infections.

The paper shows that air quality aspects rise from forest fires in Indonesia and they have associations with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including respiratory health problems. Due to the unpredictable nature of forest fires, it is challenging for public health authorities to evaluate the potential exposures before they occur reliably. Using GIS software, zoning was made om Riau Province, Indonesia. The data shows that the highest fire hotspot was in 2015 by 12,854 and the lowest was 527 in 2017 as well as the lowest Respiratory Disorder Cases in 2017 was 371,044. The Finding proves that smoke has a significant negative effect on increasing respiratory problems Therefore, it also indicates that smoke and haze forecastings are effective tools and challenging to be developed that can be used as public health predictions and establish a suitable policy on forest fires. However, their inherent uncertainties limit their widespread adoption. Observed measurements from air quality monitoring networks and remote sensing platforms are more reliable, but they are inherently retrospective.

The increasing antimicrobial-resistant prevalence has become a severe health problem. It has led to the invention of a new antimicrobial agent such as antimicrobial peptides. Heteroscorpine-1 is an antimicrobial peptide that has the ability to kill many bacterial strains. It consists of 76 amino acid residues with a cecropin-like region in N-terminal and a defensin-like region in the C-terminal. The cecropin-like region from heteroscorpine-1 (CeHS-1) is similar to cecropin B, but it lost its glycine-proline hinge region. The bioinformatics prediction was used to help the designing of mutant peptides. The addition of glycine-proline hinge and positively charged amino acids, the deletion of negatively charged amino acids, and the optimization of the hydrophobicity of the peptide resulted in two mutant peptides, namely, CeHS-1 GP and CeHS-1 GPK. The new mutant peptide showed higher antimicrobial activity than the native peptide without increasing toxicity. The interaction of the peptides with the membrane showed that the peptides were capable of disrupting both the inner and outer bacterial cell membrane. Furthermore, the SEM analysis showed that the peptides created the pore in the bacterial cell membrane resulted in cell membrane disruption. In conclusion, the mutants of CeHS-1 had the potential to develop as novel antimicrobial peptides.

ABSTRAKPneumonia merupakan penyakit infeksi dan inflamasi pada saluran pernafasan bagian bawah yang banyak menyebabkan kematian pada pasien. Insidensi kematian yang terjadi di Indonesia karena kasus pneumonia kurang lebih mencapai 22.000 jiwa. Pneumonia disebabkan oleh adanya bakteri dan virus yang menyerang saluran pernafasan. Pemberian terapi pada pasien pneumonia yang merupakan kombinasi beberapa obat, berpotensi menimbulkkan terjadinya masalah pada pengobatan khususnya interaksi obat. Penelitian ini melihat potensi interaksi obat yang terjadi pada terapi pneumonia. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian non eksperimental, menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dan pengambilan data secara retrospektif. Data yang diambil adalah data sekunder, yaitu rekam medis pasien terdiagnosa pneumonia yang menjalani rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Paru Respira Yogyakarta. Analisis data dilakukan dengan melihat besarnya potensi interaksi obat secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi interaksi antara obat yang digunakan dalam terapi terjadi pada 49,30% pasien. Dari 79 potensi interaksi antar obat yang terjadi, 16,48% merupakan kategori interaksi mayor, 22,78% kategori interaksi moderat, dan 60,76% kategori interaksi minor.Kata kunci: interaksi obat, pneumonia, potensi, Yogyakarta. ABSTRACT Pneumonia is an infection and inflammation of lower respiratory track that