OBJECTIVEIn the French Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort, cross-sectional analyses have shown that a higher consumption of dairy products and calcium are associated with a lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We assess the influence of dairy products on 9-year incident MetS and on impaired fasting glycemia and/or type 2 diabetes (IFG/T2D).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSMen and women who completed a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and after 3 years were studied (n = 3,435). Logistic regression models were used to study associations between the average year 0 and year 3 consumption of milk and dairy products, cheese, dietary calcium density, and incident MetS and IFG/T2D after adjusting for 1) sex, age, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, fat intake and 2) additionally for BMI. Associations between dairy products and continuous variables were studied by repeated-measures ANCOVA, using the same covariates.RESULTSDairy products other than cheese, and dietary calcium density, were inversely associated with incident MetS and IFG/T2D; cheese was negatively associated with incident MetS. All three parameters were associated with lower diastolic blood pressure, and with a lower BMI gain. Higher cheese intake and calcium density were associated with a lower increase in waist circumference and lower triglyceride levels. Calcium density was also associated with a lower systolic blood pressure and a lower 9-year increase in plasma triglyceride levels.CONCLUSIONSA higher consumption of dairy products and calcium was associated with a lower 9-year incidence of MetS and IFG/T2D in a large cohort drawn from the general population.

Context: Fat-rich diets are involved in many disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The Pro12Ala variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g (PPARg) is known to modulate body mass index (BMI) and T2D risk. Objective: Our aim was to study the interaction effect between PPARg gene (PPARG) polymorphisms Pro12Ala and 1431C4T and fat intake on incident T2D and BMI in a 9-year prospective cohort drawn from the French general population, the D.E.S.I.R. (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study (n ¼ 4676). Methods: Nutritional intake was assessed by a food frequency self-questionnaire completed by each participant. Statistical analyses included logistic regression, analysis of covariance and haplotype analysis, with adjustment for confounding variables. Results: A high fat consumption (the third sex-specific tertile of fat intake, as a percentage of energy intake) was associated with an increased T2D risk among ProPro and CC homozygotes (P interaction ¼ 0.05, odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) ¼ 1.73 (1.19-2.52) P ¼ 0.004 and OR ¼ 1.85 (1.27-2.71) P ¼ 0.001, respectively) but not in Ala and T carriers. There was a significant interaction effect between Pro12Ala and 1431C4T on BMI (P interaction ¼ 0.004); Ala was associated with lower BMI in CC homozygotes and with higher BMI in T carriers while the opposite was found for ProPro. There was also an interaction effect between Pro12Ala and dietary fat intake on BMI (P interaction ¼ 0.02); AlaAla individuals had a higher BMI than Pro carriers among high fat consumers (27.1 ± 1.0 versus 24.9 ± 0.1 for AlaAla and Pro þ , respectively). There was no interaction effect between the 1431C4T single-nucleotide polymorphism and fat intake on BMI. Conclusion: Our results indicate strong genetic and nutritional interaction effects on BMI and T2D risk at the PPARG locus in a general population.