Background: Smartphone users can be found in almost every class society in Indonesia. Excessive use of smartphones and the blue light emitted by smartphones play an important role in causing asthenopia symptoms. Smartphone development companies have developed a blue light filter feature, which is expected to reduce the incidence of Asthenopia symptoms.Objective: To evaluate the Asthenopia questionnaire's comparison results before and after smartphone use with various levels of opacity in the blue light filter.Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental pre-posttest study. The research subjects were students of the Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University (n = 30), selected by purposive sampling. In this study, research subjects saw an hour-long smartphone with a predetermined opacity level for the blue light filter, with the same room lighting. Before and after the treatment, the subjects were asked to fill out the Asthenopia questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test.Results: The results of the Asthenopia questionnaire before and after using a smartphone with a blue light filter opacity level of 0% and 100% showed a significant difference in results (p <0.05), and there was no significant difference for the pre-posttest using a smartphone with a blue light filter with 50% opacity level. The comparison results of the Asthenopia questionnaire between smartphone use with the opacity level of the blue light filter 0% and 50% only showed a significant difference in sore/aching eye symptoms. The comparison results of the Asthenopia questionnaire between smartphone use with the opacity level of the blue light filter 50% and 100% only showed a significant difference in sleepy eye symptoms. The comparison results of the Asthenopia questionnaire between smartphone use with the opacity level of the blue light filter 0%, 50%, and 100%, did not show a significant difference.Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the Asthenopia questionnaire results with 0%, 50%, and 100% opacity blue light filters after one hour of smartphone use.

Background : The use of smartphones and other digital devices such as laptops and tablets is familiar in Indonesian society. Excessive uses of the devices are associated with dry eye syndrome and tear film dysfunction. The intensity of blue light when penetrating the eye is believed to affect tear film stability. Thus it will encourage tear evaporation which proved by Schirmer test.Objective : To find out the difference of Schirmer test results before and after using a smartphone with  various screen brightness levels.Methods : This study used pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. The research subjects were students of the Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University (n = 30) who were selected by purposive sampling. In this study, the research subjects used smartphones for an hour with a predetermined screen brightness level, with the same room lighting. Before and after treatment the subject was measured the quantity of tears using the Schirmer test. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test.Results : The average pretest result on low brightness was 25,60 ± 9,44 and the post-test result was 17,60 ± 8,45. The pre-test result on medium brightness was 27,90 ± 9,46 and the post-test result was 24,80 ± 10,46. The pre-test result on high brightness was 23,60 ± 6,80 and the post-test result was 19,10 ± 7,95. The Schirmer test results before and after using smartphones with low brightness showed a significant different (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference for the pre-post test using smartphones with medium and high brightness. Comparison of Schirmer test results on low, medium and high screen brightness did not show a significant difference.Conclusion : There is no significant difference between the Schirmer test results among low, medium and high screen brightness after one hour of smartphone usage.

Introduction Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in newborn babies worldwide. The benefit of anti-oxidant was investigated for ROP cases by assessing its effect on the oxidative stress of the tissues. Glutathione is a primary endogenous in human body and its supplementation has been discovered for its benefits towards some ocular diseases. This study aims to understand the effect of glutathione on oxidative stress marker, serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), in ROP rat models.Materials and methods This was an experimental study with post test only controlled group design. Sixteen Wistar rats that met our study criterias were divided into two groups, study group and control group. The study group were exposed to 95% oxygen for 4 hours / day followed by normoxic laboratory condition for 20 hours. Glutathione 1.5 mg / day were injected intramuscularly to rats in study group. The control group was exposed to 95% oxygen followed by normoxic laboratory condition with the same manner, and did not received glutathione. This cycle was repeated for 14 days. Both groups were settled in a room temperature settings on days 15-22. Serum sampel was collected from retroorbital vein. The malondialdehyde level was analyzed using MDA analyser kit.Results MDA level was found significantly higher in study group compared to control group (546.99 ng/ml vs 201.51 ng/ml, respectively, p 0,001).Conclusion Our study demonstrated a higher MDA levels in ROP rat models given glutathione injection compared to the control group.

Background : Glaucoma is a disease that can cause damage to the optic nerve. High intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucoma. The main goal of treating glaucoma is to control the disease progression by reducing intraocular pressure to the normal range or in accordance with the target pressure, and unsuccessful treatment can lead to anxiety. Aims : Identifying the correlation between therapeutic success and anxiety levels in post-operative glaucoma patients. Methods : This research used observational analytic method with a cross-sectional design. A total of 34 post-operative glaucoma patients were collected by consecutive sampling at the Eye Outpatient Installation of Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang. The anxiety level was assessed using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) questionnaire. Data analysis in the study used the Contingency Coefficient test. Results : A total of 34 glaucoma patients consisted of 17 patients who successfully achieved the target pressure and 17 patients who failed to achieve the target pressure. There was a significant correlation between the success of glaucoma therapy with anxiety levels (p = 0.008) and there was a weak relationship between the two variables (r = 0.471). Conclusion : There is a correlation between therapeutic success and anxiety levels in post-operative glaucoma patients.

Background: Meningiomas represent about 20% of intracranial tumors. Due to these tumors' proximity to the optic nerve, typically progressive unilateral vision loss, over several months to years, is the classic clinical presentation.Case Presentation: A 23 y.o. male presented with a progressive monocular visual loss of the right eye since 4 months. Visual acuity on the right eye was 1/300 and 6/6 on the left eye. Color vision and contrast sensitivity of the left eye was excellent. Fundus examination showed papilledema on right eye and left eye was within normal limit. MRI reveals a strong enhancing mass along the right and left sphenoid wing, measuring approximately 3.9 x 5.5 x 3.3 cm, extending into the parasellar region, compressing optic chiasm and encasing right and left N.III, N.IV and N.V. Patient were diagnosed with compressive optic neuropathy on the right eye due to meningioma. Following the decompression surgery, visual acuity on the right eye improved to 6/24, color vision 25/38 and contrast sensitivity was 5%. The patient was discharged 4 days after surgery and scheduled for routine follow-up at the polyclinic.Conclusion: Vision loss due to the compressive effect of meningioma may be reversible. The severity and the duration of vision loss due to compression may affect the final visual recovery. Early detection and prompt multidisciplinary approach are necessary to obtain a better outcome.