Abstract. Hasidu LOAF, Jamili, Kharisma GN, Prasetya A, Maharani, Riska, Rudia LOAP, Ibrahim AF, Mubarak AA, Muhasafaat LO, Anzani L. 2020. Diversity of mollusks (bivalves and gastropods) in degraded mangrove ecosystems of Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5884-5892. Mollusks are one of the mangrove organisms whose classes are bivalves and gastropods. It plays an important role in mangrove and marine ecosystems as filter feeders, predators, and herbivores. This study aims to knows the diversity and abundance of mollusks (bivalves and gastropods) in several mangrove ecosystems in the Kolaka coastline as well as the similarity of these locations. This study was conducted in mangrove ecosystems of Induha Village, Mangolo Village, Tahoa Village, and Towua Village of Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, from July to August 2019. This is a transect method stretched along a 100 m line perpendicularly from the seaward. The size of the mollusks subplot was 1 m2 and placed along the line transect. Each line transect comprises 10 subplots. To analyze the diversity index, evenness index, and its abundance, Kaleida Graph 4.0 version was used. This research indicates that the mollusks consist of 4 families of bivalves with 6 species and 10 families of gastropods with 182 species. It also found out 23 species of mollusks scattered to each location. The molluscan species which spread in all four mangrove ecosystems were Terebralia sulcata, Nerita planospira, and Batillaria multiformis. In Induha, the mollusks species were Anadara notabilis and Drupella margariticola. Meanwhile, Saccostrea cucullata, Pirenella incisa, Clithon oualaniensis, and Clithon pulchellum were only found in Towua. The diversity index of bivalves in each location was categorized as low diversity index category, as well as gastropods were categorized as medium diversity index. The highest diversity index of gastropods was in Induha (H' = 1.96). It was supported by the good mangrove ecosystem for mollusks' habitat. The lowest diversity index of gastropods was in Towua (1.41). This research depicts that three kinds of species with high abundance rate whose rates were >1 ind/m2are located in two different locations namely; P. incisa (3.9 ind/m2) and S. cucullata (3.2 ind/m2) in Towua and followed by B. multiformis (2 ind/m2) and Isognomon ephippium (1.2 ind/m2) in Mangolo.

Background Endometriois represents a gynecological disease that still becomes an issue in community. Phaleria macrocarpa is a plant native to Indonesia that contains an antioxidant substance, which may serve as apoptotic modulator and useful for angiogenesis. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effects of flavonoid isolates from P. macrocarpa (PM) on the development of granulomas, apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis of the disease. Material and methods Total thirty mice ( Mus musculus ) were categorized into six groups, including the normal group (without any treatment), EMT (endometriosis) group, and EMT group treated with PM flavonoid isolates. Identification of the active compounds of P. macrocarpa was done using LC-HRMS. Measurement of granuloma scores and vascular density was done histologically. Apoptosis and proliferation analysis was performed by immunohistochemical techniques. Results There was an increase in granulomas, proliferation, and apoptosis in the peritoneal tissues of the endometriosis model. This change can be normalized by extract of P. macrocarpa . Conclusion We concluded that the flavonoid isolates from P. macrocarpa can suppress the growth of endometriosis lesions through normalization of proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, the P. macrocarpa flavonoid can be used as an alternative to inhibit the development of endometriosis.

Background: Several studies have been published on the characterization of Trimeresurus venoms. However, there is still limited information concerning the venom composition of Trimeresurus species distributed throughout Indonesia, which contributes to significant snakebite envenomation cases. The present study describes a comparative on the composition of T. albolabris, T. insularis, T. puniceus, and T. purpureomaculatus venoms originated from Indonesia. Methods: Protein content in the venom of four Trimeresurus species was determined using Bradford assay, and the venom proteome was elucidated using one-dimension SDS PAGE nano-ESI-LCMS/MS shotgun proteomics. Results: The venom of T. albolabris contained the highest protein content of 11.1 mg/mL, followed by T. puniceus, T. insularis and T. purpureomaculatus venom with 10.7 mg/mL, 8.9 mg/mL and 5.54 mg/mL protein, respectively. In total, our venomic analysis identified 65 proteins belonging to 16 protein families in T. purpureomaculatus; 64 proteins belonging to 18 protein families in T. albolabris; 58 different proteins belonging to 14 protein families in T. puniceus; and 48 different proteins belonging to 14 protein families in T. insularis. Four major proteins identified in all venoms belonged to snake venom metalloproteinase, C-type lectin, snake venom serine protease, and phospholipase A2. There were 11 common proteins in all venoms, and T. puniceus venom has the highest number of unique proteins compared to the other three venoms. Cluster analysis of the proteins and venoms showed that T. puniceus venom has the most distinct venom composition. Conclusion: Overall, the results highlighted venom compositional variation of four Trimeresurus spp. from Indonesia. The venoms appear to be highly similar, comprising at least four protein families that correlate with venom's toxin properties and function. This study adds more information on venom variability among Trimeresurus species within the close geographic origin and may contribute to the development of optimum heterologous antivenom.

Studi analisis vegetasi, estimasi biomasa dan stok karbon ekosistem mangrove sangat penting dilakukan untuk menentukan kondisi ekosistem dan kemampuan ekosistem mangrove dalam menyerap karbon dan menyimpannya ke dalam biomassanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi vegetasi mangrove, persentase tutupan vegetasi, status biomassa permukaan (AGB), serta potensi stok karbon yang tersimpan di vegetasi mangrove di pesisir Kecamatan Latambaga, Kabupaten Kolaka. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus 2019. Metode penelitian menggunakan transek kuadrat untuk menghitung kerapatan mangrove, selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan metode Hemispherichal Photography untuk mengukur persentase penutupan vegetasi mangrove berbasis pemisahan antara pixel langit dan pixel vegetasi. Data AGB dihitung berdasarkan data diameter batang mangrove (Diameter at Breast Heigh/DBH) dan persamaan allometrik dari setiap spesies. Data stok karbon dihitung dengan menggunakan konstanta karbon dari bahan organik dan data biomassa (AGB). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, kerapatan mangrove tertinggi secara berturut-turut terdapat di stasiun 2 (5299,99 ind/ha2), stasiun 1 (3466,66 ind/ha2),  dan stasiun 3 (3066,66 ind/ha2). Persentase tutupan mangrove berbasis pixel kanopi  menunjukkan hasil yang sama dengan kerapatan mangrove, dimana persentase tutupan mangrove tertinggi terdapat di stasiun 2 (84,0716%), stasiun 1 (81,5368%), dan stasiun 3 (80,9978%). Ekosistem mangrove yang ada lokasi tersebut dalam kondisi baik dengan kerapatan  dan persentase tutupan yang cukup tinggi. Komposisi penyusun vegetasi mangrove yang ada di Kecamatan Latambaga didominasi oleh mangrove jenis Rhizophora apiculata dan Rhizophora mucronata dengan kelas pertumbuhan sapihan (DBH < 10cm)  dan tiang (DBH < 20 cm). Meskipun dalam kondisi yang baik, ekosistem mangrove di pesisir Kecamatan Latambaga mengalami ancaman alih fungsi lahan menjadi tambak. Total AGB tertinggidi stasiun 1 (226,76 ton/ha), diikuti oleh stasiun 3 (181,47 ton/ha), dan stasiun 2 (76,06 ton/ha). Stok karbon berbanding lurus dengan data AGB. Total stok karbon tertinggi juga terdapat pada stasiun 1 (106,57 ton/ha), diikuti oleh stasiun  3 (85,29 ton/ha), dan stasiun 2 (35,75 ton/ha).

Abstract. Breakdown in Lanczos-type algorithms is a common phenomenon which is due to the non-existence of some orthogonal polynomials. It causes the solution process to halt. It is, therefore, important to deal with it to improve the resilience of the algorithms and increase their usability. In this paper, we consider restarting from a number of different approximate solutions that seem to be attractive starting points. They are: (a) the last iterate preceding breakdown, (b) the iterate with minimum residual norm found so far, and (c) the approximate solution whose entries are the median values of entries of all iterates generated by the Lanczos-type algorithm considered. Although it has been shown theoretically in the context of Arnoldi-type algorithms as well as Lanczos-type algorithms that restarting mitigates breakdown and allows the iterative process to continue and converge to good solutions, here we give an alternative theorem to that effect and a proof of it. However, emphasis is on the quality of the restarting points. Numerical results are included.