Phytochemical characteristics from Phaleria macrocarpa and its inhibitory activity on the peritoneal damage of endometriosis

Abstract

Background Endometriois represents a gynecological disease that still becomes an issue in community. Phaleria macrocarpa is a plant native to Indonesia that contains an antioxidant substance, which may serve as apoptotic modulator and useful for angiogenesis. Objective This study aims to evaluate the effects of flavonoid isolates from P. macrocarpa (PM) on the development of granulomas, apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis of the disease. Material and methods Total thirty mice ( Mus musculus ) were categorized into six groups, including the normal group (without any treatment), EMT (endometriosis) group, and EMT group treated with PM flavonoid isolates. Identification of the active compounds of P. macrocarpa was done using LC-HRMS. Measurement of granuloma scores and vascular density was done histologically. Apoptosis and proliferation analysis was performed by immunohistochemical techniques. Results There was an increase in granulomas, proliferation, and apoptosis in the peritoneal tissues of the endometriosis model. This change can be normalized by extract of P. macrocarpa . Conclusion We concluded that the flavonoid isolates from P. macrocarpa can suppress the growth of endometriosis lesions through normalization of proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, the P. macrocarpa flavonoid can be used as an alternative to inhibit the development of endometriosis.

Phaleria macrocarpa Flavonoid as a Potent MMP-1 Inhibitor for Endometriosis Therapy: In silico Study

“…Six flavonoid compounds of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit were retrieved from their three-dimensional structures in PubChem Database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Those compounds were eriodictyol (CID 440735), glycitin (CID 187808), 5-O-methylgenistein (CID 5748551), catechin 7-O-beta-D-xyloside (CID 73533), 8prenylnaringenin (CID 480764), and naringenin (CID 932) [18]. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) as the targeted protein was taken out of the structure from Protein Data Bank with ID 1CGE [19].…”

“…Phaleria macrocarpa was traditionally used for reducing cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus [14][15][16][17]. Our previous study revealed that Phaleria macrocarpa contained six flavonoids, including eriodictyol, glycitin, 5-O-methylgenistein, catechin 7-O-beta-D-xyloside, 8prenylnaringenin, and naringenin and inhibited peritoneal damage in the endometriosis mice model [18]. A flavonoids compound has been reported high activity to reduce cancer proliferation.…”

UJI TOKSISITAS HASIL FRAKSINASI KOLOM KROMATOGRAFI EKSTRAK METANOL BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl)

“…Sedangkan triterpenoid tidak ditemukan keberadaannya dalam ekstrak metanol buah mahkota dewa. Hasil ini berbeda dengan yang diteliti oleh Maharani et al (2021) yang menyebutkan bahwa ekstrak metanol buah mahkota dewa mengandung semua senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, steroid, triterpenoid, flavonoid, saponin dan tanin. Hal ini dipahami bahwa kandungan metabolit sekunder suatu tanaman juga dipengaruhi oleh lokasi penanaman dan umur tanaman, sehingga hasil uji fitokimia yang berbeda sangat dimungkinkan (melo et al 2022).…”

“…Urutan nilai rendemen dan LC50 adalah F1 > F3 > F2. Berdasarkan Tabel 2 dapat disimpulkan bahwa ketiga fraksi bersifat toksik karena dapat mematikan 50% populasi larva udang pada konsentrasi kurang dari 1000 ppm (Maharani et al 2021), dengan demikian F2 lebih bersifat toksik dibandingkan F3 dan F1 (F2 > F3 > F1). Apabila dilihat lebih lanjut maka terdapat korelasi positif antara rendemen fraksi dengan tingkat toksisitas yang berarti semakin kecil rendemen hasil fraksinasi kolom akan menghasilkan nilai toksisitas yang kecil.…”

“…Karakterisasi dilakukan terhadap Fraksi yang aktif, yaitu F1, F2, dan F3 Alkaloid merupakan senyawa yang selalu memiliki unsur nitrogen. Pada Gambar 2 terdapat serapan pada bilangan gelombang 3600-3100cm -1 yang menunjukkan serapan gugus fungsi amina dan alkohol yang bertumpang tindih (Maharani et al 2021), 3000cm -1 serapan alkil, 2300cm -1 serapan gugus CN, 1700cm -1 serapan gugus C=O, 1600 cm -1 serapan gugus C-N. dan 1200cm -1 yang menunjukkan adanya serapan C-O (Hendra 2012).…”