Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) has been developed as a tool for the simultaneous and quantitative determination of organic components, including chemical bond, as well as organic content (e.g. protein, carbohydrate and lipid). However, until now, there is no further information for the detailed information in the FTIR peaks. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how to read and assess chemical bond and structure in the organic material. The analysis was then compared with the literatures. The step-by-step method on how to read the FTIR data was presented, including reviewing simple to the complex organic materials. This study is potential to be used as a standard information on how to read FTIR peaks in the biochemical and organic materials.

Adsorption isotherm is the most important calculation to predict and analyze the various possible mechanisms that occur in adsorption process. However, until now, most studies only presented the adsorption isotherm theory, and there are no studies that explain the adsorption isotherm thoroughly and in detail from theory to calculation. Therefore, this study contains guidelines for selecting the type of adsorption isotherm to describe the entire adsorption data set, which is featured by the ten most common adsorption isotherms. The steps of how to analyze the two-parameter monolayer adsorption are presented. This study is expected to provide clear and useful information for researchers who are working and studying on the adsorption process.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) has been developed to analyze a crystal structure in the material. XRD is then improved for determining and identifying the presence of a compound, crystallinity, and crystal properties. XRD works by observing the ray refraction pattern as a result of the beam being refracted by a material that has an atomic arrangement in its crystal lattice. Until now, there is less information regarding detailed information on how to read the XRD spectrum and peak. This study aims to demonstrate how to calculate and interpret the crystallite size based on the XRD spectra. The step-by-step method in the calculation based on the XRD data is presented, which can help especially students and first-time users in understanding XRD results. This study is prospective to be used as standard information on how to read and interpret XRD spectra.

The objective of this study was to investigate isotherm adsorption of carbon microparticles from pineapple peel waste. Carbon microparticles were prepared by carbonizing pineapple peel waste at 215-250°C and grinding using a saw-milling process. To investigate adsorption properties of carbon microparticles, experiments were done by evaluating adsorption of curcumin (as a model of adsorbate) in the ambient temperature and pressure under constant pH condition. To confirm the adsorption characteristics, carbon particles with different sizes (i.e., 100, 125, and 200 ?m) were tested, and the adsorption results were compared with several standard isotherm adsorption models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin- Radushkevich. To support the adsorption analysis, several characterizations (i.e., optical microscope, sieve test, and Fourier transform infrared analysis) were conducted. The adsorption test showed that the adsorption profile is fit to the Freundlich model for all variations, indicating the multilayer adsorption process on heterogeneous surfaces and interactions between adsorbate molecules. The results from other isotherm models also confirmed that the adsorption process occurs physically via Van der Waals force in binding adsorbate on the surface of adsorbent.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) is one of the tools to represent molecular structure based on atomic vibration. It can denote a specific property of the chemical bond and molecular structure in the material, especially when analyzing specimens relating to plastics, polymers, and organic components. The FTIR peaks and spectrum act as a fingerprint of a specific molecular structure and chemical bonding, which need a sufficient reference database to distinguish them. This paper is to address issues of the need for a reference database of FTIR. This paper exhibits step-by-step information on how to read and interpret the FTIR spectra and identify a molecule's backbone with its functional groups. Practical examples from the analysis of several plastics/polymers and the thermally decomposing plastics/polymers were included to help and guide the reader to comprehend the basic concept of FTIR spectra.