This paper uses micro-data to analyze wage formation in the Nordic countries at the regional level. Our results deviate systematically from the main conclusions drawn by Blanchflower and Oswald (1994). We do find a significant negative long-run relationship between unemployment and real wages at the regional level. However, we find no stable negative relation between wages and unemployment across regions in the Nordic labor markets once regional fixed effects are accounted for. Wage formation at the regional level is characterized by considerable persistence, but unemployment exerts no immediate influence on wages at the regional level. There is no evidence of a transitory wage curve, nor of a Phillips curve, at the regional level in the Nordic countries. The results are consistent with a theoretical model where central bargaining agents determine a national wage increment, and local bargaining agents determine wage drift.
No abstract
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in ABSTRACT:The failure to achieve equitable access to university studies has turned the focus to the funding of European higher education systems. Since the large amounts of public subsidies injected in tertiary-level education have not succeeded in reducing disparities in access for children from different social backgrounds, this is seen as compelling evidence for there being a need to revise higher education financing not only on efficiency but also on equity grounds. Such policies are already pursued, planned or intensively discussed in most of Europe.More equitable access to and participation in university education through changes in the funding sources and mechanisms is a challenging policy with long-term implications. Hence, it should preferably be based on reliable empirical evidence. This raises the question of what the theoretical and empirical literature actually tells us about these matters. How severe is the under-representation of students from a socially disadvantaged background? Has this inequality changed over time across and within European countries? What role does funding play? Have the changes in funding systems already undertaken in several European countries improved the participation of students from low-income families? This review paper aims to answer these important questions by drawing together the available evidence, by contrasting it against pursued educational policies and by pointing to still existing knowledge gaps. TIIVISTELMÄ:Epäonnistuminen oikeudenmukaisen jakauman saavuttamisessa korkeakoulutukseen hakeutumisessa on kohdistanut huomion eurooppalaisten korkeakoulujärjes-telmien rahoitukseen. Niihin sijoitetut julkiset tuet eivät ole onnistuneet vähentämään eroja eri sosiaaliluokista tulevien lasten hakeutumisessa korkeakoulutukseen, mikä on nähty vakuuttavana todisteena siitä, että korkeakoulutuksen rahoitusta tulee uudistaa paitsi tehokkuuden, myös oikeudenmukaisuuden näkökulmasta. Monissa Euroopan maissa näistä uudistuksista keskustellaan, niitä suunnitellaan tai niitä jo toteutetaan.Rahoituslähteiden ja -mekanismien muutosten kautta saavutettava oikeudenmukaisempi pääsy yliopistokoulutukseen on haastava projekti jolla on pitkäaikaisia seurausvaikutuksia, joten se olisi suotavaa perustaa luotettavaan empiiriseen näyttöön. Tällöin herää kysymys, mitä teoreettinen ja empiirinen kirjallisuus sanovat asiasta. Kuinka vakava on vähempiosai-sista sosiaaliluokista tulevien opiskelijoiden aliedustu...
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