Background Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic

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This researach was aimed to describe the risk factor profile of pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis. 1792 medical records of outpatients pediatric allergy immunology clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from 1997 to 2005. Fifty patients were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and 22% of them were having allergic rhinitis with bronchial asthma .Allergic rhinitis were identified higher in boys (62%) than girls (38%) and ranged from 5 months to 13 years and 8 months old. Atopic history were identified in 24 patients (48) while atopic history in patient family were identified in mother (42%), father (40%), and siblings (24%). Total IgE serum increased in 35 patients (88,57%) while total eosinophil serum increased in 28 patients (80%). The most common aeroallergen by skin prick test was house dust mite (36%) and the most common food allergen was shrimp (40%). There were several factors that contribute to the development of allergic rhinitis such as age, sex, family atopic history and increasing in total IgE serum and total eosinophil serum . House dust mite and shrimp were the most common allergen identified in allergic rhinitis.Keywords: allergic rhinitis, risk factors, pediatric PENDAHULUANRinitis adalah peradangan lapisan mukosa hidung. Gejala rinitis alergi berupa bersin (5-10 kali berturut-turut), rasa gatal (pada mata, telinga, hidung, tenggorok, dan palatum), hidung berair, mata berair, hidung tersumbat, post nasal drip, tekanan pada sinus, dan rasa lelah. Rinitis alergi menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang menyerang 5-50% penduduk. Anak dan dewasa muda dengan rinitis alergi mengalami gangguan aktifitas fisik, maupun sosial dan terjadi perasaan mental tidak sehat (1).Rinitis alergi musiman adalah rinitis yang dipicu oleh allergen serbuk sari, spora lumut selama musim semi, musim panas, maupun musim gugur. Rinitis alergi perenial menunjukkan gejala hayfever sepanjang tahun yang dipicu oleh alergen dalam rumah, seperti: debu rumah tangga, kecoa, spora lumut, bulu binatang, dan sebagainya. ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) membuat klasifikasi rinitis alergi berdasarkan lama dan seringnya timbul gejala, dan berdasarkan gejala yang dialami pasien, bukan berdasarkan penyebab. Klasifikasi baru membagi rinitis alergi menjadi 2 kategori, yaitu intermiten dan persisten. Kategori intermiten adalah apabila gejala timbul kurang dari 4 hari per minggu atau kurang dari 4 minggu, sedangkan kategori persisten adalah apabila gejala timbul lebih dari 4 hari dalam seminggu dan berlangsung lebih dari 4 minggu (2).Penderita rinitis alergi mempunyai resiko berlanjut menjadi asma (3). Rinitis alergi dan asma merupakan penyakit inflamasi yang sering timbul bersamaan. Dokter perlu mengevaluasi adanya riwayat asma pada pasien dengan rinitis alergi yang menetap. Evaluasi dapat dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan sinar X, pemeriksaan adanya sumbatan saluran nafas sebelum dan sesudah pemberian bronkodilator.Bukti epidemiologis adanya hubungan antara rinitis dan asma adalah 1) prevalensi asma meningkat pada rinitis a...

Background Major achievements in congenital heart disease (CHD) treatment over the past 20 years have altered the course and prognosis of CHD. Improvement of quality of life (QoL) is now a major goal of CHD treatment. Objective To assess the QoL in children after cardiac surgery for CHD. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in children aged 2 to 18 years. The case group had 20 children with a history of corrective heart surgery in the 12 months prior to the study. The control group had 20 healthy children, age-matched to the case group. The QoL of both groups was assessed by Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Generic Core Scales. The same post-operative children were also assessed with the PedsQL Cardiac Module. Data were analyzed using T-test with P < 0.05 as the level of significance. Results This study recruited 40 subjects: 20 post-operative and 20 healthy children. PedsQL Generic Core Scales assessment showed significant differences between groups in the physical function parameter of QoL (P<0.05) in children aged 13-18 years, but there were no significant differences in the social, emotional, and school function parameters. In children aged 2-12 years, there were no significant differences in physical, social, emotional, or school parameters. The PedsQL Cardiac Module assessment revealed that 35% of post-operative children was at risk for physical appearance problems, 80% was at risk for anxiety problems, 40% was at risk for cognitive problems, and 80% was at risk for communication problems. Conclusion Thirteen to 18-year-old children with non complex CHD have poorer physical function than healthy children. Post operative children are at risk for physical appearance, anxiety, cognitive, and communication problems.