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In recent years, photonic biosensors have attracted increasing attention due to the enormous range of applications in many fields to which they may be put, including medical diagnostics, environment monitoring, organic chemical detection, temperature sensing, and work with magnetic fields. In this work, photonic crystal fibre (PCF) was utilised as a biosensor using a Finite Element Method (FEM). Several important optical sensor properties such as the field distribution profiles, the real part of the effective refractive index and the relative sensitivity of the proposed PCF structure are affected by mode coupling between the fundamental mode and the second order super mode of the inner and outer cores, respectively. These properties were thus those studied by applying FEM. The proposed biosensor can thus be used for bio-sensing, as the holes in the PCF are filled with analytes. Relatively high sensitivity can thus be obtained using appropriate design by selecting design parameters such as the radius of holes in the cladding region and pitch distance, or distance between the centres of neighbouring holes, appropriately. The results from this work show that the electric field distribution is affected by mode coupling between the outer and inner modes; the effects of mode coupling of the PCF on the relative sensitivity were also determined.

In this paper, the dispersion of photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with five rings hexagonal geometry have investigated by varying different parameters. Many researchers had used small size of fiber ( small pitch distance) to ensure the single mode operation but decreasing the pitch distance leads to increasing the dispersion. It is important to get suitable pitch distance so that it is not large to avoid the multimode operation and not small to avoid high dispersion. In this work, this condition has obtained depended on V-parameter. We have estimated the V-parameter by using the step-index fiber approximation. The Pitch distance which has been obtained is 5 um with low dispersion and low V-parameter ≤ 2.405 (single mode operation). In addition, to get more low dispersion and V-parameter, a doping with two different value of Ge ( 4.1% and 7%) has been applied in core.

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