Secara alamiah bakteri dapat mengembangkan kemampuan untuk bertahan dari antibiotik yang sebelumnya efektif. Kondisi yang dikenal sebagai resistensi antibiotik ini terjadi semakin cepat karena penggunaan berlebihan, atau penyalahgunaan antibiotik. Resistensi antibiotik memiliki implikasi klinis dan ekonomi yang serius. Perilaku swamedikasi dengan antibiotik mempercepat terjadinya resistensi dan perilaku ini sering ditemukan di Indonesia. Faktor pengetahuan dan perilaku mencari pengobatan sendiri memengaruhi perilaku swamedikasi. Meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat, khususnya anak asuh di Panti Asuhan Patmos, Kota Mataram, mengenai bahaya resistensi antibiotik dan upaya pencegahannya. Pengetahuan yang benar diharapkan dapat membentuk perilaku bijak dalam penggunaan antibiotik. Edukasi disampaikan menggunakan video animasi berdurasi 4,5 menit. Video ini menjelaskan definisi antibiotik dan resistensi antibiotik; penyebab dan besarnya masalah; cara penggunaan antibiotik yang benar; cara penyebaran bakteri yang resisten; dan cara mencegah resistensi antibiotik. Dari 46 peserta kegiatan,  36 peserta mengisi pretes, 22 mengisi postes, dan 17 mengisi keduanya. Mayoritas peserta (91-100%) menjawab enam dari delapan pertanyaan dengan benar. Meski demikian, kurang dari 60% peserta yang mengetahui bahwa demam tidak selalu memerlukan antibiotik dan definisi resistensi antibiotik yang benar. Rerata skor pengetahuan sebelum (8,01) dan sesudah edukasi (8,24) tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan secara statistik (p>0,05, uji Wilcoxon). Edukasi serupa di masa mendatang perlu lebih interaktif, meluruskan miskonsepsi mengenai penggunaan antibiotik pada demam, dan menjelaskan definisi resistensi antibiotik dengan akurat sehingga masyarakat memahami implikasinya terhadap risiko dan upaya bersama dalam mencegahnya. Tidak didapatkan peningkatan pengetahuan yang signifikan setelah menonton video edukasi. Kegiatan ini juga mengidentifikasi miskonsepsi yang perlu diluruskan pada edukasi selanjutnya.

Bruce javanica (L) Merr is a medicinally important plant, commonly known as Wali. The extract of its seed has various secondary metabolites responsible for its pharmacological properties. Unfortunately, the recent method of extraction lacks in the percentage of the yield and has disadvantages to the environment. Enzymatic extraction of bioactive compounds is a potential alternative. In this research, we use some crude natural enzymes that are amylase, protease (bromelain), and cellulase isolated from corn kernels, pineapple fruit, and beef rumen fluid, respectively. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of crude natural enzymes for the extraction of metabolite compounds in wali seed comparing with the solvent extraction method. For each of one gram of wali seed powder was extracted by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method with solvent of (1) methanol; (2) ethanol 96%; (3) bromelain; (4) amylase; (5) cellulase; (6) bromelain+amylase; (7) bromelain+cellulase; (8) amylase+cellulase; (9) amylase+bromelain+cellulase. The extracts of (1) and (2) were then evaporated; while extracts of (3) to (9) were freeze-dried. The appearance of extracts (1) and (2) were bright-yellow viscous liquid; while extracts (3) to (9) were solid-milky powder. Cellulase increases the extraction yield up to 40% and 22% in comparison with methanol and ethanol, respectively. The semiquantitative analysis showed that methanol extracts the metabolites with the highest concentration but has the lowest amount of yield extract. However, cellulase showed the highest ability to extract metabolites tested. The flavonoid content extracted using cellulase enzymes resulted in an increase of 273% and 170% in comparison with methanol and ethanol, respectively. Thus, the use of crude cellulase enzyme isolated from beef rumen fluid is the best choice to extract wali seed among other enzymes and solvents used.

Anti-inflammatory medications are necessary to treat excessive inflammation reactions due to injury, infection, or irritation. The emergence of several adverse effects associated with synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs has prompted the continued use of anti-inflammatory agents derived from natural products with low side effects and a high therapeutic effect. While it is well established that the seeds of the Makassar fruit (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.)  have anti-inflammatory activity, the optimal concentration of Makasar fruit seed extract for anti-inflammatory activity is unknown. This study aims to determine the optimal Makassar fruit seed extract concentration as an in vitro anti-inflammatory. The seeds of the Makasar fruit were extracted using the sonication method (3 x 35 minutes) in 96% ethanol and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The secondary metabolites of Makasar fruit seed extract were then identified in the test tubes, and the anti-inflammatory activity was determined using the protein denaturation inhibition method. The results indicated that the extract produced had a yield of 10.03%. The Makassar fruit seed extract contains secondary metabolites of phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Makasar fruit seed extract exhibited the optimum anti-inflammatory activity at a concentration of 1%, with a 55.47% inhibition of protein denaturation.

Free radical is an atom or molecule that has unpaired electrons, is reactive and unstable which can cause damage to cells and tissues. Secondary metabolite compounds in plants such as phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins can inhibit free radicals. One of the plants that has the potential as an antioxidant is a Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. The part of the plant that is often used as a medicinal ingredient by Indonesian people is the leaf part. The leaves of snakeweed are natural ingredients that are rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This study aims to determine the activity of free radical inhibition in the snakeweed leaf extract with Ultrasound Assisted Extraction method. Determination of free radical inhibition activity was examined using DPPH method at the concentration series of snakeweed leaf extracts of 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, and 85 ppm. The comparison solution used was vitamin C made with a concentration series of 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 ppm. The results showed that vitamin C had a free radical inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 9.40 ± 0.07 ppm, while the extract of snakeweed leaf had free radical inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 74.32 ± 0.71 ppm. Based on the IC50 value, the intensity of free radical inhibition activity in vitamin C is classified as very strong and the extract of snakeweed leaf is strong