The Vietnam Maritime Administration has established and dominated the seaborne cargo transportation market in Vietnam in order to prevent pollution of the marine environment from ship-source pollution as well as other sources from ships. The issue of marine pollution caused by trash, sewage, and air pollution from ships is then present, parallel to that development. One of these sources that has a negative effect on the quality of seawater in Vietnam is ship waste, which is regarded as one of the primary sources of pollutants. Additionally, the existence of plastics and microplastics, which have a diameter of less than 5 mm, has a detrimental impact on both the marine environment and human health. Therefore, Vietnam's crucial task going forward is to swiftly add laws to prevent and regulate marine environmental pollution brought on by ship waste. The method proposed is to study the participation, implementation of International Conventions, and improvement of laws of other countries. The author offers valuable experiences for Vietnam to quickly improve laws in this field.

This paper intends to offer a thorough and comprehensive examination of the concept of women rights, considering various perspectives and conducting comparative analysis with the legal philosophy of other nations. The research examines conflicting myths about women rights within Islamic societies, seeking to put light on the relevant complexities. By analysing the ideologies, interpretations and cultural impacts, this research seeks to present a cogent review of the concept of women rights. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to a better understanding of the complexities surrounding the concept of women rights in Islamic civilizations, and how they differ from legal frameworks of other nations. By conducting this interdisciplinary analysis, the research offers valuable insights towards the evolving nature of women rights within Islamic background and facilitates a deeper appreciation of the resemblances and differences across various legal frameworks. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need for a true understanding of women's rights in Islam and the importance of contextualizing them within the broader global discourse. The study contributes to a more informed and inclusive dialogue on women rights and gender equality, fostering an environment conducive to respectful engagement and constructive reform. The study has adopted the doctrinal method of research.

Background: During early pregnancy raised beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) level occurs during placental development. It may be used for identifying the pregnancy induced hypertension. There are certain factors that causes pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia. However, many of the associated factors and specific cause is not known. Some common risk factors for preeclampsia are nulliparity, preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy, family history, history of hypertension, renal disease and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome or thrombophilia. However no single lab investigation can be done cost-effectively to make the early diagnosis of pregnancy induced hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Pregnancy induced hypertension in patients with high maternal serum β-HCG at early pregnancy ( 13-20 weeks of gestation). Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted on Out Patient Department and in patient wards of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of KRL General Hospital, Islamabad. The study was done from 28th December 2018 to 27th June 2019. A total of 75 pregnant women, primary gravida and multi gravida with age range from18-40years with raised β-HCG at 13-20 weeks of gestation were included. All patients were observed during their stay in the hospital for the development of any complications of pregnancy induced hypertension. Results: Mean age of pregnant females was 32.12 ± 5.29 years. Mean gestational period was 17.31 ± 2.05 weeks. Mean β-HCG levels was 7.63±3.71. Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) in patients with high maternal serum β-HCG at 13-20 weeks of gestation was found in 64 (85.33%) patients, however there was no Pregnancy induced hypertension in 11 (14.65%) ladies. Conclusion: The outcome of this study concluded that frequency of pregnancy induced hypertension in pregnant femal with high maternal serum β-HCG at 13-20 weeks of gestation was high. Early screening of raised β-HCG can be made for the prevention of complications due to pregnancy induced hypertension. Keywords: Beta Human chorionic gonadotropin, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy induced hypertension.

Purpose: This article is aimed to analyze the different Philosophical and legal perspectives of privacy in the United States with reference to a few landmark cases in the U.S. My debate will cover different situations, views, and laws in the US, the EU, and Pakistan (to some extent) to critically view present and ongoing violations (now mostly agreed with opinion) of the right to privacy.  W. A. Parents and others on the definition of privacy and Louis D Brandeis on a political and legal ideal of privacy have been talked about. Approach: prior research studies and existing literature was examined regarding privacy. Findings: Privacy is acknowledged as a human rights issue, but it constitutes a real problem when the values and objectives behind privacy are different. Contemporary issues of unlimited surveillance and data collection to battle terrorism by law enforcement agencies and governments are particularly alarming to invade the right.

Purpose: The main theme of the present study was to provide previous empirical and other literature reviews of sovereignty and statehood in Islam and particularly its compression with modern times. Approach: Prior study on statehood was examined from various aspects. Findings: It has been releveled that Statehood and sovereignty is one of the important elements of an Islamic state in the modern world. Besides, in Islam, one of the greatest attributes of God is sovereignty. However, the western notion of sovereignty developed by declining God’s sovereignty is rejected on two grounds; the first slam lacks any historical evidence to grant ultimate power to any political authority or ruler. Second, the notion of sovereignty in a specific historical and present social European setting is an attempt to undermine the absolute authority of the church. Notwithstanding, there are three notions of Islamic sovereignty. Implications: The study concluded that in the Islamic State, sovereignty belongs to Allah and Allah is the only one who rules which is viewed in the form of divine laws and Jurisprudence. The interpretation of this rule of sovereignty as that there is no concept of people’s sovereignty in Islam is not correct because Allah cannot be an immediate ruler in the political connotation.