Abstract:The superior gluteal nerve (SGN) arises from the sacral plexus and enters the gluteal region above the piriformis where it divides into superior and an inferior branches. Former ends in the gluteus medius and occasionally gluteus minimus whereas latter supplies gluteus medius and minimus and ends in tensor fascia latae. Variations, relations, branching pattern and length of the SGN were reported in earlier studies. The present study was conducted to establish preliminary data on the length and branching pattern of the SGN and its relations with the neighbouring bony landmarks. Twenty two lower extremities were examined in 22 male and 13 female formalin fi xed cadavers. Tip of the greater trochanter was determined as the point of reference. Statistical analysis was done using student's T test. Present study will help orthopedicians performing total hip replacement through lateral and transgluteal approaches (Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 19). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk. Key words: superior gluteal nerve, greater sciatic foramen, greater trochanter, piriformis, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae. Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, KarnatakaAddress of correspondence: B. Ray, Dr, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya PradeshThe superior gluteal nerve (SGN) arises from the sacral plexus by the dorsal divisions of ventral rami of fourth, fi fth lumbar and fi rst sacral nerves (1). It is formed within the pelvis and emerges out through the greater sciatic foramen (GSF) above the piriformis. It divides into superior and inferior branches in its further course. The superior branch ends in the gluteus medius and occasionally in the gluteus minimus. The inferior branch supplies the gluteus medius and minimus and ends in the tensor fascia latae.There are various conditions which cause pain in the hip area like arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis and fractures. Surgical treatment of arthritis of the hip joint has dramatically modifi ed in the past decade. With the advent of surgical reconstructive techniques, the pathological conditions return to near normal in few months. In the surgical approaches, splitting and refl ecting forward the anterior part of the gluteus medius and the vastus lateralis is performed as a single sheet to reattach subsequently to the greater trochanter. Most often complications in aforementioned procedures are due to the damage of blood vessels, nerves or secondary complications like infections. If the splitting of the gluteus medius is more than a few centimeter superior to the tip of the greater trochanter then the SGN and the superior gluteal vessels are at risk and it may lead to positive Trendelenburg sign with lurching gait (2).Incidence of physical damage to the SGN depends largely on its course and branching pattern (Khan and Knowles, 2007). Several authors have reported about its distance from the greater trochanter and the safe area for the SGN during approaches to the hip joint (4-14).Objective of the present study was to e...

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Abstract:Phthalates are a class of industrial compounds with an array of toxicological properties used in day to day life. Diisobutyl phthalate on (DIBP) is used as an additive to keep the plastics soft or fl exible (plasticizer) in nitrocellulose plastic, nail polish, explosives, lacquer manufacturing etc. Although DIBP exposure in humans is generally low, people in adhesive industries and pharmaceutical industries are exposed to higher levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of single dose of DIBP on developing ovary of Wistar rat. One hundred and eight adult pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental groups. Rats in experimental group were given DIBP on day 10, 12 and 14 of gestation at 0.375, 0.75 and 1.25 ml/kg body weight dose intraperitoneally in a single dose. Sections of ovaries collected on day 21 of gestation were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined and Masson's trichrome histologically. Sections belonging to the control group showed the presence of oocytes in clusters separated by thin fi brous septa. Degeneration oocytes, empty follicles surrounded by follicular cells without gonocytes in the center were observed in ovarian stroma. Blood vessels in the ovarian stroma were prominent and congested. Around a bunch of follicles total architectural disarray was observed although on special staining fi brosis was not evident. As pregnant women are constantly exposed, effect of DIBP on ovary of a developing fetus would denote the long term consequence in future generations (Fig. 5, Ref. 39 Phthalates are a class of widely used industrial compounds known technically as dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. The common forms of phthalates are Diethyl hexyl phthalate (DHEP), Diallyl phthalates (DAP), Di-n-propyl phthalates (DPP), Di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), and Diisobutyl phthalates (DIBP).Phthalates with a variety of toxicological properties are used in day to day life. These phthalates are nearly omnipresent in modern society and are found in the plastic items, vinyl fl ooring, wall coverings, lubricants, adhesives, detergents, nail polish, hair spray and car wash (1).The adverse effects produced by phthalates are changes in morphology, physiology, growth, development or life span of an organism which results in an impairment of functional capacity and ability to compensate for additional stress (2). Diisobutyl phthalateDIBP (phthalic acid ,di isobutyl ester 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid ,bis-(2-methyl propyl) ester di-(isobutyl)-1,2-benzene dicarboxylate) is the branched isomer of DBP and an additive used to keep the plastics soft or more fl exible (plasticizer) often in combination with other phthalates. DIBP is used in nitrocellulose plastic, nail polish, explosive materials, lacquer manufacturing, consumer products, blood bags, pharmaceuticals and automobile parts. They are ubiquitous in our environment and most people including pregnant women and their fetuses are exposed to multiple phthalates at a time. Saillenfait et al estim...

Circle of Willis is a network of arteries in the base

Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into the shaft of humerus bone. It leads to oblique nutrient canal passing through cortex and ultimately opens into the medullary cavity. Aims and Objectives: To Study Nutrient and Vascular Foramina of Dried Adult Humerus in Cadavar. Methodology: This was cross-sectional study carried out in the cadaveric humerus of the both the hands at tertiary health care centre during the one year period i.e. January 2018 to January 2019 so during the one year period there were 15 humerus on left side and 14 humerus on right side Hand lens-used to locate nutrient foramen and vascular foramina. Result: All necessary data was entered to excel sheet and analyzed by Excel software for windows 10. In our study we have seen that The most common distribution of the Nutrient foramina on Lt side was in the Zone II i.e. 63.33% , followed by Zone III i.e. 23.33% , and in Zone I was 13.33% , whereas on right side the most common distribution was also in Zone II i.e. 68% followed Zone III was 20% and in Zone I was 12%. On the left side Majority of the Vascular Foramiana were distributed in Zone I were 48.65% followed by Zone III were 34.23% and in Zone II were 17.12 % on the Right side the majority were also distributed on Zone I were 46.85% followed by Zone III were 28.83% and in Zone II were 11.71%. Conclusion: It can be concluded from our study that the distribution of nutreient and Vascular foramina is useful for the management of various fractures and wound healing