Fishes are appropriate indicators of trends in aquatic biodiversity

No abstract

1. In many intermittent streams, remnant pools persist after flow ceases and provide refuge for aquatic organisms able to tolerate stagnant water conditions. The conservation value of these pools may be greatly under-appreciated, especially in regions with a Mediterranean climate, where perennial streams have been substantially modified or disturbed by human activities.2. Fish, amphibians, aquatic reptiles, and aquatic invertebrates were sampled from 15 remnant pools and three seeps at Coyote Creek, California, USA, in the late summer of 2014, during the height of the most intense drought that California has experienced in 500 years. Patterns of vertebrate and invertebrate species richness and community composition were compared with abiotic factors (e.g. water quality and habitat size).3. Thirteen vertebrate species and 172 invertebrate taxa were identified from remnant pools and seeps. Overall vertebrate richness and composition were not correlated with abiotic factors, but fish species richness increased with remnant pool size and depth. Invertebrate taxon richness increased with pool size. Invertebrate community composition differed by habitat type (pool versus seep) and gradients in composition were correlated with several abiotic factors (e.g. pool size, substrate, and canopy cover). Remnant pools at CoyoteCreek supported a full assemblage of native fishes and numerous imperilled taxa, including California red-legged frogs and California floater mussels. Nearly all native fishes and imperilled taxa are absent from artificially perennial and urbanized reaches of Coyote Creek just a few kilometres downstream of the study area. Remnant pools in intermittent streams should be a focus of conservation efforts inregions with a Mediterranean climate, especially during extreme droughts. Native fauna adapted to harsh intermittent flow regimes can thrive in these habitats, whereas non-native taxa may fare poorly. Furthermore, remnant pools supported by deep groundwater sources, such as those along geological faults, may provide both ecological refuge and evolutionary refugia for freshwater biota.

SummaryA brief precis of ecology is discussed, emphasizing the central theme of succession in the classical paradigm. This is followed by mention of the nonequilibrium paradigm and its central theme of patch dynamics. Conservation implications of this paradigm shift in ecology include (1) the replacement of a model in which some species are better adapted than others with a model in which all species are simply differently adapted; (2) the population as the fundamental unit, or currency, in conservation, (3) the recognition of the complexity of patch dynamics overlain by habitat fragmentation and the confounding implications of these; and (4) a greater appreciation of multiscalar phenomena. Social implications include some mistrust and skepticism of the "new" conservation, and most importantly, the birth of ecologist as polymath.