These 2 anthropometric prediction models, the first developed in vivo by using state-of-the-art body-composition methods, are likely to prove useful in clinical evaluations and field studies of SM mass in nonobese adults.

An ␣-L-arabinofuranosidase and a ␤-D-xylosidase, designated ARA-I and XYL, respectively, have been purified about 1,000-fold from extracts of 5-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings using ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, chromatofocusing, and size-exclusion chromatography. The ARA-I has an apparent molecular mass of 67 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.5, and its catalytic efficiency during hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl ␣-L-arabinofuranoside is only slightly higher than during hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl ␤-D-xyloside. Thus, the enzyme is actually a bifunctional ␣-L-arabinofuranosidase/␤-D-xylosidase. In contrast, the XYL enzyme, which also has an apparent molecular mass of 67 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.7, preferentially hydrolyzes 4-nitrophenyl ␤-D-xyloside, with a catalytic efficiency ϳ30-fold higher than with 4-nitrophenyl ␣-L-arabinofuranoside. The genes encoding the ARA-I and XYL have been mapped to chromosomes 2H and 6H, respectively. ARA-I transcripts are most abundant in young roots, young leaves, and developing grain, whereas XYL mRNA is detected in most barley tissues.

SummaryA gene encoding malate synthase, a key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, has been cloned and characterized in the necrotrophic wheat pathogen Stagonospora nodorum . Expression studies of Mls1 showed high levels of transcript in ungerminated spores whereas malate synthase enzyme activities were low. Expression studies in planta found that Mls1 transcript levels decreased ª ª ª ª 10-fold upon germination before slowly increasing throughout the remainder of the infection. To characterize Mls1 further, the gene was disrupted in S. nodorum by homologous recombination. In the absence of any supplied carbon source, the mls1 spores were unable to germinate and consequently the mutants were non-pathogenic. Germination and pathogenicity could be restored by the addition of either glucose or sucrose, implying that S. nodorum is reliant upon the catabolism of lipids for infection. Furthermore, analysis of lipid bodies in the mutant strain indicated that lipid mobilization and, consequently, peroxisomal b b b b -oxidation of fatty acids is delayed or inhibited by the disruption of the glyoxylate cycle. This study has demonstrated for the first time in a fungal phytopathogen the requirement of malate synthase for pathogenicity, suggesting that gluconeogenesis is both dependent on the glyoxylate cycle and required for infection.

Objectives Previous studies have demonstrated that the optical changes due to the loss of water from porous lesions can be exploited to assess lesion severity with QLF, thermal and near-IR imaging. Since arrested lesions are less permeable to water due to the highly mineralized surface layer, changes in the rate of water loss can be related to changes in lesion structure. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the rate of water loss correlates with the degree of remineralization and whether that rate can be measured using thermal and near-IR reflectance imaging. Methods Artificial bovine enamel lesions (n=30) were prepared by immersion in a demineralization solution for either 8 and 24 hours and they were subsequently placed in an acidic remineralization solution for different periods. The samples were dehydrated using an air spray for 30 seconds and surfaces were imaged using a thermal camera and an InGaAs camera at 1300–1700 nm wavelengths. Results The area enclosed by the time-temperature curve, Δ Q, from thermal imaging showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the lesion window and other windows. Near-IR reflectance intensity differences, Δ I, before and after dehydration decreased with longer periods of remineralization. Only near-IR reflectance imaging was capable of detecting significant differences (P<0.05) between the different periods of remineralization. Conclusions This study demonstrated that both thermal and near-IR reflectance imaging were suitable for the detection of remineralization in simulated caries lesions and near-IR wavelengths longer than 1400 nm are well suited for the assessment of remineralization.

Objective Exposure to multiple traumatic events (polyvictimization) is a reliable predictor of deleterious health outcomes and risk behaviors in adolescence. The current study extends the literature on the prevalence and consequences of adolescent trauma exposure by (a) empirically identifying and characterizing trauma exposure profiles in a large, ethnically diverse, multi-site, clinical sample of adolescents, and (b) evaluating relations among identified profiles with demographic characteristics and clinical correlates. Method Data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set were used to identify and characterize victimization profiles using latent class analysis in a sample of 3,485 adolescents (ages 13–18, 63% female, 35.7% White, 23.2% Black/African American, 35.0% Hispanic/Latino). Multiple measures of psychological distress and risk behaviors were evaluated as covariates of trauma exposure classes. Results Five trauma exposure classes, or profiles, were identified. Four classes—representing approximately half the sample—were characterized by polyvictimization. Polyvictimization classes were differentiated on number of trauma types, whether emotional abuse occurred, and whether emotional abuse occurred over single or multiple developmental epochs. Unique relations with demographic characteristics and mental health outcomes were observed. Discussion Results suggest polyvictimization is not a unidimensional phenomenon but a diverse set of trauma exposure experiences with unique correlates among youth. Further research on prevention of polyvictimization and mechanisms linking chronic trauma exposure, gender, and ethnicity to negative outcomes is warranted.