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There is much less agreement about the characteristics defining organizational apologia/crisis response than in the case of clearly defined categories such as the eulogy. This lack of agreement can be traced to two conflicting purposes served by the category (image repair and image maintenance) and also the fact that the organizational apologist faces much greater situational variation than in other well-defined categories. This article confronts these difficulties by proposing a reconceptualization of organizational apologia. Drawing on argument field theory, we argue that all organizational apologia must use one or more of four strategies to protect the image of the organization. Regarding image repair, the article proposes a research agenda for identifying the situational characteristics that characterize well-defined subgenres.Over the past 15 years, researchers have focused enormous attention on how organizations respond to crises involving allegations of wrongdoing. Using a variety of approaches, including apologia theory (Ware & Linkugel, 1973), kategoria-based apologia theory (see Dionisopoulos &

From extensive human data on the induction of skeletal cancers (bone sarcomas and carcinomas of the head sinuses) by 226Ra, 228Ra and 224Ra, the cumulative lifetime risk to 1 million people, each ingesting 5 pCi of a Ra isotope per day, was calculated to be nine bone sarcomas plus 12 head carcinomas for 226Ra, 22 bone sarcomas for 228Ra, and 1.6 bone sarcomas for 224Ra. Assuming that the risk per rad of average skeletal dose is equal for 226Ra and the U isotopes with half-lives exceeding 1000 yr and that the equilibrium skeletal content is 25 times the daily ingestion of 226Ra, but 11 times the daily ingestion of long-lived U, the cumulative life-span risk to 1 million persons, each ingesting 5 pCi per day of 233U, 234U, 235U, 236U or 238U, is estimated to be about 1.5 bone sarcomas. The U risk is not well established and additional research is needed on the metabolism of U in humans and its carcinogenicity in laboratory animals. These estimates assume linear dose responses. However, if incidence varies with the square of dose, virtually no induced cancers would be expected from these levels of radioactivity.