Do salient ballot initiatives stimulate voting? Recent studies have shown that initiatives increase voter turnout, but some methodological concerns still linger. These studies have either relied solely on aggregate data to make inferences about individual-level behavior or used a flawed measure of initiative salience. Using individual-level data from the National Election Studies, I find that ballot question salience indeed stimulated voting in the midterm elections of 1990 and 1994. In an election with moderately salient ballot questions, a person's likelihood of voting can increase by as much as 30 percent in a midterm election. On the other hand, consistent with most prior research, I find no statistically significant relationship between ballot question salience and voting in presidential elections.

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Two -s-udies-were conducted in which five simulated aircraft attitude indicators,,representing three different indicating principles, were compared.Tw6v*,dicators were of the "earth reference" type, in mhich the moving element repres'ented the horizon as on the conventionalAatititude indioator. Two indicators were of an "airplane reference" type, which presented aircraft rather than horizon movement.Thqe fjfth indicator provided a "stabilized sphere" type of ýpresentatidn,. Tests Vere miad4 in a C-9 Link Trainer and records were performanceflight maneuvers reversals~following sifolotednrorgh iir gusti, anda pilot preferences.Major interest centered around comparison of the "earth reference" and "airplane reference" principles of attitude indication, since these provide opposite directions of movement on the indicator.Each of the five indicators was flown kry Air Force pilots, eight different pilots per instrument.In-additon, itwo indicators representing the two opposed types, were flown by college students with no prior flight experience.The Air Force pilots used in this study were highly experienced on the earth reference type of indicator, and had not previously flown indicators using the airplane reference principle. For this reason, apparently, they made more aileron reversals on the airplane reference type indicators. In the pitch dimension, however, t,)ey made slightly, but not significantly, fewer control reversals o4 thes'e/ idicators. Moreover, their preferences somewhat favored the unfamiliar airplane reference indicators.For the college students, both the control reversal and preference data favored the airplane reference principle. PUBLICATION REVIEW(This report has been reviewed and is approved.

Two -s-udies-were conducted in which five simulated aircraft attitude indicators,,representing three different indicating principles, were compared.Tw6v*,dicators were of the "earth reference" type, in mhich the moving element repres'ented the horizon as on the conventionalAatititude indioator. Two indicators were of an "airplane reference" type, which presented aircraft rather than horizon movement.Thqe fjfth indicator provided a "stabilized sphere" type of ýpresentatidn,. Tests Vere miad4 in a C-9 Link Trainer and records were performanceflight maneuvers reversals~following sifolotednrorgh iir gusti, anda pilot preferences.Major interest centered around comparison of the "earth reference" and "airplane reference" principles of attitude indication, since these provide opposite directions of movement on the indicator.Each of the five indicators was flown kry Air Force pilots, eight different pilots per instrument.In-additon, itwo indicators representing the two opposed types, were flown by college students with no prior flight experience.The Air Force pilots used in this study were highly experienced on the earth reference type of indicator, and had not previously flown indicators using the airplane reference principle. For this reason, apparently, they made more aileron reversals on the airplane reference type indicators. In the pitch dimension, however, t,)ey made slightly, but not significantly, fewer control reversals o4 thes'e/ idicators. Moreover, their preferences somewhat favored the unfamiliar airplane reference indicators.For the college students, both the control reversal and preference data favored the airplane reference principle. PUBLICATION REVIEW(This report has been reviewed and is approved.

No abstract